Application Of Iot-Based Wireless Sensors In Environmental Monitoring
Now a days, climate changes day by day due to air and water pollution, leading to degradation of its quality. Amalgamation of different gases in air, temperature, humidity, rainfall, atmospheric pressure, light intensity, volatile organic compounds, also there are many types of infections spread which cause diseases which in turns affects the human health by reducing their immunity. Thus the recent changes in surrounding have increased the importance of environmental monitoring, keeping a record of hazardous environment which is harmful for humans.
Keywords - Environment hazardous parameters, Environment sensors
Introduction
The developments in the fields of technology are having a significant impact over the environment and have led to serious concerns. The importance of monitoring is existed in many aspects. The weather conditions are required to be monitored to maintain the healthy growth in crops and to ensure the safe working environment in industries, etc. Due to technological growth, the process of reading the environmental parameters became easier compared to the past days. The most common parameters being monitored include the temperature, humidity, rainfall, atmospheric pressure, light intensity, air quality, affected by pollutants such as CO2, CO, SOx, volatile organic compounds, and many others. So that knowing the environmental parameter new system is design which called Internet of Things (IoT), for transmission and management of huge amounts of data regarding to observed in environmental parameters. In this context, the current work presents IoT-based wireless sensors for environmental monitoring: one employing User Datagram Protocol (UDP)-based Wi-Fi communication, one communicating through Wi-Fi and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) by using Wi-Fi modules. According to this context, following review is undertaken.
Literature Survey
One of the previous systems proposed by D. de Donno, L. Catarinucci, and L. Tarricone [1] was designed a radio frequency identification (RFID) augmented module for smart environmental sensing (RAMSES), which is a fully passive device with sensing and computation for RFID applications. RAMSES implements for RF energy-harvesting circuit designed for a dc-dc voltage booster in silicon-on insulator technology, an ultralow-power microcontroller, temperature, light, and acceleration sensors, and a new-generation I2C-RFID chip to wirelessly deliver sensor data to standard RFID, then preliminary RAMSES prototype, fabricated on a printed circuit board. Then results have demonstrated the ability of RAMSES to harvest the RF energy emitted by an interrogator placed up to 10 m of distance and autonomously perform sensing, computation, and data communication. Second system designed by H. C. Lee and H. H. Lin, [2] they used open-source wireless mesh network (WMN) module, which integrates the functions of network discovery, automatic routing control, and transmission scheduling. So that they proposed system which is based on open source mesh networking for environmental monitoring applications.
Proposed system compare with XBee module. In presented system. WMN module is connected to the host processor via a GPIO, UART, SPI or I2C interface. The host processor reads data from its sensors (i. e. , temperature, humidity, or air quality, etc. ), and sends the collected data to the WMN module. The WMN module buffers the data and transfers it to the destination node in a wireless mesh network. The average package delivery ratio and standard deviation of the proposed WMN module and the XBee are 94. 09%, 91. 19%, 5. 14% and 10. 25%, respectively. By using open source wireless mesh network have the advantages of low-cost combined with high reliability and performance, and can be used in implementing monitoring applications without the complications of complex wireless networking issues. J. Gutierrez, J. F. Villa-Medina, A. Nieto-Garibay, and M. A. Porta-Gandara, [3] was developed system for automated irrigation system to optimize water use for agricultural crops. The system has a distributed wireless network of soil-moisture and temperature sensors placed in the root zone of the plants. They design an algorithm was developed with threshold values of temperature and soil moisture that was programmed into a microcontroller-based gateway to control water quantity.
The proposed system, automated irrigation system has two unit componentsWireless sensor units (WSUs) and a wireless information unit (WIU), which are linked by radio transceivers that allowed the transfer of soil moisture and temperature data for implementing a WSN that uses ZigBee technology. The WIU has also a GPRS module to transmit the data to a web server via the public mobile network. The information can be remotely monitored online through a graphical application through Internet access devices. The automated system was tested in a sage crop field for 136 days and water savings of up to 90% compared with traditional irrigation practices of the agricultural zone were achieved. It takes advantages of its energy autonomy and low cost, the system has the potential to be useful in water limited geographically isolated areas.
The system proposed by J. P. Amaro, R. Cortesão, J. Landeck, and F. J. T. E. Ferreira [4] for Disaggregated Current Estimation in Large Buildings to harvest power by using wireless sensor network. To monitor disaggregated consumption is presented, based on a contact-less power source for Zigbee nodes using a split-core toroidal coil current transformer (SCCT). The proposed device is able to power a battery-free wireless node estimating also the current drawn by the electrical load with a single SCCT. In this system uses LTC3108 as a bootstrap charge to store power. Then energy given to radio-frequency (RF) module as well as a low-power device manager. The RF module is implemented with a Zigbee device, while the system power manager uses microcontroller. It is able to estimate load current consumption while being powered through a single contactless electromagnetic power source using only one SCCT. The device acts as a wireless network node sending collected measurements through the network. The SCCT is successfully applied to power a battery-free wireless device running a complex communication software stack. H. -C. Lee, Y. -C. Chang, and Y. -S. Huang [5]. proposed for Monitoring Mechanical Wear-Out of Parts using Wireless Sensor System. A ball screw is a typical mechanical part that experiences wear-out and is widely used in computer numerical control machine tools to control the movement of processing targets and spindles. These types of parts need frequent checks so that they are replaced before excessive wear occurs. In the proposed system collected the signals of the operating ball screw to estimate the state of wear. The sensing components are attached on the surface of a nut or the shaft of a ball screw. They are then connected by wires to transfer the data to the data server for further analysis. So propose a wireless sensor system that:
- emphasizes low-power and low cost in hardware design.
- logs the signals during the operation of a mechanical part that could experience wear.
- guarantees that all the logged data can be wirelessly delivered to the data server.
Conclusion
After reviewing from the aforementioned source, it can beanalysed that, every person want to be in a better and secure world. Thus a system to detect early drowning behaviour from the onset of water crisis situation is needed. Especially at beach sites, which is remained inattentive area until today. The major aspect is to accurately detect and track individuals with the noisy outdoor aquatic environments. This paper is a step towardsrestraining such incidents by developing a wearable that can sense the impending danger automatically and help in rescuing the victims. Hence, any rescue effort could be initiated much earlier than those in which includes developing a coherent framework for inferring semantic events involving beach where it is virtually impossible to track.
