Effects Of Street Crime Versus White Collar Crime

Abstract

This paper explores white collar crime in comparison to street crime in order to give insight to the crimes faced in our society. The effects and the consequences of these two categories of crimes, such as the long-lasting effects on the victims involved, and the subcategories that fall under both types of crime are analyzed. The statics regarding both categories of crime are also provided, including how many people commit these crimes, and how often they are committed.

Even though there is a recent decline in crime all across the united states, there are still lasting effects on the economy and the families that have gone threw them. White collar crime is a crime that is committed by a white-collar member usually involving taking money from a company. Street crime is a crime done in a public place, such as mugging. White collar crime is a nonviolent way to get financial stability, like tax fraud. Even though street due to the involvement of fraud and embezzlement.

White Collar Crime

Wage theft, fraud, bribe, insider trading, labor racketeering, embezzlement,cybercrime, copyright infringement, money laundering, forgery, and identity theft are all examples of white collar crime. Most of this involves non-violent crimes that can destroy families, companies, and investors. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the most common organization to investigate these cases. The FBI cooperates with many different agencies in order to put a stop to the crimes.

People found guilty of white collar crime can be sentenced, fined, restitution, community service, disgorgement, probation, or other alternative punishment. Punishment depends on the crime, company, and how much money is lost. The trials must follow a sentencing guideline to keep it fair. There is a maximum sentencing, but it is rarely used for less harsh punishments.

Embezzlement

Embezzlement is theft one one’s money trusted to by employer. “It is recorded that about 1. 13 million dollars are lost because of embezzlement. In 2005-2014 about 7,739/5,783 were arrested for embezzlement. ” (FBI,n. d, unknown) Records show that most people who commit embezzlement are those who bookkeep and hold accounting positions. The average prison sentence is four years, but most states have different penalties. Sex that are most likely to commit embezzlement 64% woman to 25% males commit it.

Wage theft

Wage theft is when a worker is not paid for work done. Examples of wage theft are workers working overtime without pay, working through breaks, and working early or leaving late without pay. It is estimated that about $40 billion to $60 billion is lost by all forms of wage theft. Anybody can face wage theft, but it is most commonly find in hard labor industries, like construction or agriculture.

Fraud

Fraud is the intent to result in personal or financial gain. There are about 23 commonly fraud schemes, including “Nigerian letter or 419 fraud” ( Nigerian Criminal code for dealing with fraud), “Telemarketer fraud”, or “Insurance fraud”. Fraud steals $80 billion a year on all kinds of fraud. “Identity theft makes up 49%, hacking 45%, claims 34% and employee agents 37%. Fraud is usually carried on to a long period about 93% of fraud is committed in multiple periods, and 72% are perpetrated over a one to five year period. ” (Statics, Identity theft and cybercrime, 2018, unknown) It commonly takes a long time and planning in order to carry out fraud schemes.

Bribe

Bribe is a way of paying someone to be in your favor in a usually illegal or dishonest way. Bribery is found in most countries with little government or by huge gangs; for example, Mexico’s drug cartels paying officers or government officials. Most people paid around the world with 2013 was: “Police 31%, Judiciary 24%, Registry 21%, Land 21%, Medical 17%, Education 16%, Tax 15%, and Utilities 13%. ” The country most affected by bribery and corruption is Somalie, with Denmark and New Zealand being the least corrupt.

Labor Racketeering

Labor racketeering is the use of labor benefits or union benefits for personal benefits illegal, violent, or fraudulent means. In 2010, about 117 cases were opened with 130 closed. About 112 people were convicted and with 139 Indictments. $72. 9 million in fines, resolutions and monetary actions. Most of the cases come from mafia and big business, and can be seen in a famous films like “Wolf of Wall Street”.

Cybercrime

Cybercrime is anything that is illegal through the internet. Any action of hacking, terrorism, and overseas adversaries. In today's world, technology is all around and with the threat of information being leaked it is one of the most important things needed to be defended. It is predicated that damages from cybercrime is approximately $6 trillion dollars. In 2016, cybercrime ranked at number 2 for most reported crime. The United States has faced the most data breaches with 1,013 date breaches in 2016 with the United Kingdom, just only 36.

Copyright Infringement

Copyright infringement is when copyrighted documents or other materials are taken as ones. Punishment for copyright infringement fines can go from $200 to $150,000 dollars, face jail time (average sentence 21 months), and if in school would get kicked out of schools or fail classes. In 2015 about 87. 4% who committed copyright were males. The majority of people to commit copyright were U. S. citizens (83. 2%).

Money Laundering

Money laundering is the illegally way of obtaining money, mostly from foreign backs. When it comes to laundering there are three steps, placement (the source that it would be moved from), Layering (hiding the activities, making it less suspicious), and Integration (moving money to the bank system). The reason to do money laundering is to evaded taxes from the countries, but to also protect illegally gained money. For money laundering 3 up to 7 years in jail and also face fines.

Forging

Foraging is making counterfeit bills. It is estimated that $70 million of counterfeit bills in circulation in the U. S. Twenties and hundreds are the most commonly counterfeit. Even without the person handing the bills out without making it is still illegal since the federal government is the only one to distribute money. If any thing used to produce any counterfeit bills is found they can also be arrested. Fines go up to $250,000 with also a chance to face 25 years in prison, but heavier fines or longer jail time could happen counting on how much and how long the money was produced.

Identity theft

Identity theft is taking information about oneself and taking role as that person. In 2017 about 6. 64% of people were a victim of identity theft which increased by 1 million in 2016 alone. It costed victims $905 million, in these cases victims paid $429. Along with the high victims, identity theft was ranked first in top 10 fraud categories. With identity theft comes the effects of credit card, cell phone or utilities, bank, loans, government documents, employment, new accounts, and other micalinous frauds. If committed one year could be faced but if a felon it would be 7 years or more including fines.

Street crimes

In street crimes most common crimes are rape, robbery, assault, auto theft, burglary, and larceny. Street crime is mostly violent compared to white collar crime. The trends for street crime have gone down significantly and continue you do so. Both homicide and manslaughter went significantly down then was steady for most of the 2000s but hit its lowest in 2002. “In the U. S. a total of 1,247,321 of violent crimes were reported. In U. S. the total clearance rate for violent rate 45. 6% , with murder and manslaughter with a 61. 6%. ” ( Statista: Crime in the U. S. , 2018, unknown)

Rape

Is the unlawful sexual activity, usually done with intercourse by violent means and with the threat of violence of harm. 91% of rape or sexual assault were female with 9% begin male. “The lifetime cost of rape victims, $122,461 and cost the U. S. annually about $127 billion dollars. Their are a average of 321,500 victims of rape in the U. S. The country with the most rapes in 2015 (most recent study) was Sweden with a 56. 7%. The clearance rate for rape is 34. 5%. ” (National Sexual violence center, 2018,

Robbery

The action of taking someone else’s property with the use of force or threats. Nationwide it is estimated that 327,374 robberies with a estimated loss of $390 million dollars. “With 71. 5% used firearms and resulted in the murder, and 24. 2% as aggravated assault. In 2015 robbery was at 27. 3% with a clearance rate for robbery at 29. 7%. ”(FBI: Latest Crime Statics, Sept. 26, 2016)

Assault

Is make a physical attack. There are more than just assault there is two categories, aggravated and simple assaults. Aggravated assault is attack with weapon regardless of injury or death but just the threat of a weapon is drawn. Simple assault is a attack without a weapon resulting in no injury, minor injury, or undetermined injury.

Auto Theft

The stealing or attempt in taking a motor vehicle. Motor theft adds up to $6 million dollars lost in 2017. The peak was at 1991 at 1. 3 million but later falling 46% in 2016. The change in 2017 was at 0. 8. It is a misdemeanor punishable by a year in county jail but also depends on the cost of car. Clearance for auto theft is 13. 7%.

Burglary

Is entry to a building, with the intent to commit a crime like theft. Each year in the U. S. about 2,000,000 home are burglaries. In large cities the percent of breaks in has decreased at 5. 9%. It is estimated that every 13 seconds a house is broken into by a neighbor. The clarence for burglary is 13. 5%, the lowest of all crimes.

Street Vs White collar statics

In both of these crimes they have faced a lot of history and time both changing the laws. “In 2017, it is estimated that 1,247,321 violent crimes were committed. Nationwide it is estimated 7,649,086 of property crimes were committed. ” (FBI, 2017) The FBI has made a “estimated arrest rate for violent crime was 160. 7 per 100,000 inhabitants”. For property crimes, arrest for burglary was 61. 7%, larceny-theft 296. 0%, and motor theft at 28. 2%. Both of these crimes are dangerous in their own manners, with white collar affecting the economy more but street crime affecting the people more than economy.

Conclusion

In conclusion my hypothesis is neither right nor wrong, both count on the situations. All of theses crimes have had effects on the people that have gone threw the crimes. Even though every year crime goes down they still happen daily all over the world. Their are also many ways on how to prevent these crimes many FBI and Gov. websites give how to prevent most of these crimes.