Environmental Management Of Oil And Gas

Wind is a form of solar energy that is caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, irregularities of the earth’s surface and rotation of the earth. So basically, wind turbines convert kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. A generator can convert mechanical power into electricity. Wind power is far more efficient than oil with regards to the generation of energy on a larger scale and its environmental friendly technology that is consistent and continuous. It ranked number one in terms of efficiency, for cost of fuel, cost of production and cost of dealing with environmental damages.

Types of energy;

• Wind mills
• Wind turbines

Wind mills- if the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as a pump or grinding stones, the machine is usually called a wind mill.

Wind turbines- if the mechanical energy is then converted to electricity, the machine is called a wind generator.

Positive impacts of Wind on human:

• Aesthetical appealing
• Create Employment
• Generate income as tourist site

Negative impacts of Wind on human:

• Noise Pollution
• Less Aesthetical appealing

Positive impact of Wind on Natural (flora and fauna):

• Reduce land degradation
• It can act as wind barrier for sensitive areasNegative impact of Wind on Natural (flora and fauna):
• Impact bat population
• Migration of birds

Positive impact on Social Environmental

• Tourism
• Improve health (clean air)GeothermalGeothermal energy is heat energy from the Earth, this energy is clean and can be sustainable as long as heat is being produced (Geothermal Energy, 2018). It goes on by saying that resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface and down even deeper to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock called magma.

This renewable energy source is rank number 2 as the most efficient energy sources with regards to cost of the fuel, cost of production and cost of dealing with environmental damages as compare to the processes of exploring, extracting and processing oil to be converted into energy. Some of the reasons why geothermal is rank number 2 in most efficiency is because it can extract energy without burning fossil fuels such as gas, coal and oil. It also produces approximately one-sixth of the carbon dioxide that is relatively clean natural gas which fuelled power plant produces (Geothermal Energy Information and Facts, 2018).

Unlike solar and wind energy, geothermal energy is always available, 365 days a year. It’s also relatively inexpensive; savings from direct use can be as much as 80 percent over fossil fuels however, this can only be in operation where there is present of magma, hot rock or even hot spring (Geothermal Energy Information and Facts, 2018). Geothermal is known as the least polluting and one of the most environmentally friendly forms of energy (Geothermal energy provides health, environmental benefits, 2018).

Positive impacts of Geothermal on human are as follows:

• Provide jobs opportunities
• Produces near zero emissions as a result provides clean air
• Creates greater fuel diversity
• Clean healthy working environment

Positive impacts of Geothermal on Natural (Flora and Fauna) are as follows:

• It emits about 5 percent of carbon dioxide, 1 percent of the sulfur dioxide, and less than 1 percent of the nitrous oxide into the atmosphere.
• It produces near zero emissions
• Causes less land degradation

Negative impacts of Geothermal on Natural (Flora and Fauna) are as follows:

• The release of hydrogen sulfide which is a gas that smell as rotten egg at low concentration
• Harmful disposal of geothermal fluids containing low levels of toxic materials.

Positive impacts of Geothermal on the social environment are as follows:

• Adds to the economy by paying substantial property taxes
• Develop local communities through generated capital
• Energy security
• Low cost of energy due to amount of energy generation

Apply Geothermal power is Guyana’s might not be feasible because there isn’t sufficient source of heat to generate the energy since Guyana is not located within the ring of fire or has magma discovered henceforth, geothermal stations cannot be built in many places. HydropowerHydropower is using the force of flowing water, pass through turbines that spins and generate electricity. This can either be done large scale commonly known as high impact hydro and low scale which is a low impact. Hydropower is highly efficient in terms of energy generation as compare to oil as a source of energy. Another benefit of hydropower is the endless power generated as long as the turbines are in operation, whereas for oil upstream, midstream and downstream is needed before oil production is converted to energy.

According to "Infographic — What Are the Most Efficient Form of Renewable Energy", 2018, Hydropower is rank among the 3rd most efficient renewable energy source because it is the leading renewable source for electricity generation globally, supplying 71 % of all renewable electricity at the end of 2015 (World Energy Resource Report, 2016). This technology maybe efficient is producing large amounts of electricity but in terms of environmental cost it causes a lot degradation to the environment both aquatic life and the biodiversity of the area. More so, with regards to cost of the fuel, cost of production and cost of dealing with environmental damages outweigh the benefits.

Positive impacts of hydropower on human are as follows:

• Sufficient and reliable supply of electricity
• Creation of Jobs
• Clean and healthy working environment
• Flood control mechanism

Negative impacts of hydropower on human are as follows:

• Social impacts of displacing indigenous people
• Long lead time in construction in mega-sized projects
• Destruction of crops due to lack of water supply downstream.
• Threatens food security (fish stock)

Positive impacts of hydropower on Natural (flora and fauna) are as follows:

• It is fuel by water making it a clean fuel source
• It depends on the hydrological cycle driven by the sun making it a renewable power source
• The water is being regulated and control to provide continuous supply of water

Negative impacts of hydropower on Natural (flora and fauna) are as follows:

• Frequently involves impoundment of large amounts of water causing loss of habitat due to land inundation.
• Variable output - dependent on rainfall and snowfall in various climatic conditions.
• Heavy impact on the river flow and aquatic ecology, including fish migration and oxygen depletion.
• Sedimentation/ silting of channels
• Water chemistry changes such as mercury, nitrates and oxygen
• Adverse impact on natural hydrology
• Increases greenhouse gas emissions throughout all the phases
• Overflowing of rivers banks causing swamp and disrupting habitats
• Impact local climate
• Cause drought resulting in migration of endangered species.

Positive impacts of hydropower of the Social Environment are as follow:

• Energy security
• Contribute towards local economy improving social capital
• Develop local communitiesNegative impacts of hydropower of the Social Environment are as follow:
• Flooding
• Poverty
• Pollution of fresh water system
• Loss of livelihood
• Raise issues of ownership and access rights for both water and land

Solar energy

Solar energy is created by nuclear fusion that takes place in the sun. Fusion occurs when protons of hydrogen atoms violently collide in the suns core and fuse to create a helium atom. This process is known as PP (proton- proton) chain reaction which emits an enormous amount of energy. The total amount of solar energy ancient on earth is vastly in excess of the world’s current and anticipated energy requirements.