History And Types Of Screen Printing

According to James A. Schwalbach (1980), the first stencils did not last long because they were designed and constructed with leaves and skins. Thus, it perished at a faster rate. It was at Fuji Island that some experts claimed that the first stencils adopted by prehistoric men were found which were constructed from leaves of bamboo trees. When the leaves fell, they rolled up and worm ate holes within them. When uncurled, the leaves served as stencils for the first islanders to decorate garments with vegetable dyes. After some times, these same islanders began to use warmed banana leaves for cutting their stencils pattern, which they printed on a thin bark stripped from Malo tree. There is another method of creating a stencil which was not very much know that was used by the Chinese people in later year. There was an application of an acid ink which was used to paint or draw the drawing on stencil paper. A clear-cut stencil was resulted from the acid in ink which ate through the paper.

According to Miles (2003), screen printing is the most adapted and crucial of the procedures used for applying design and colour to fabrics. In a simpler way, it is the process of adding together a design idea, one or more colours and a textile fabric using the technique of pushing the colours with precision.

Putatunda (2010), suggested screen printing is a technique which has been used firstly by the Chinese approximately 2000 years ago. At that time, the Chinese used human hair which is being stretched across a wooden frame to form the screen. Afterwards, the Japanese adopted the screen-printing procedure and used woven silk to make the mesh and lacquers to make stencils. Silk screening or silk screen printing has been named lately as an alternative name due to the use of silk in screen-printing. Silkscreen printing involves of three elements- the squeegee, the inks and the screen which has the image printed on it. It can be used to print on most surfaces.

Hundreds of years prior, the Japanese additionally built up the stencilling strategy for textile printing furthermore, conveyed it to a compelling artwork. They defeated the trouble by utilizing human hair or silk strings as ties. These were fine to the point that the shading spread underneath them, camouflaging their quality. By the nineteenth century, the utilization of this strategy for printing fabric had spread past Japan and was utilized around the world.

In the mid nineteenth century, French printers presented the utilization of woven silk texture to give a nonstop help to the paper stencil. For the best outcomes the help fabric was extended across the frame, and the mix ended up known as a screen. The improvement was vital in light of the fact that along these lines not exclusively were ties naturally gave, however the measure of colour paste could be controlled. Before long, the paper stencil was supplanted by a durable paint on the screen. From this time onwards, the upside of screen printing turned out to be progressively valued.

According to Godwin (2010), there have been improvements in procurement of screens for printing throughout the years. In any case, the silk screen printing process is by and large credited to English and American craftsmen in the mid-1900s. Samuel Simon of Manchester, England is said to have taken out the main licenses identified with the cutting-edge procedure of screen printing in 1907. Utilizing sheets of silk and cotton extended over wooden casings, Simon and William Morris put single-shading, hand-painted stencils over the material to make an outline. In 1914, John Pilsworth of the United States took out a patent for multicoloured screen printing. Business screen printing turned out to be exceptionally famous around the season of World War I; it was most usually utilized for printing banners and promoting flags that were set in juvenile retail stores.

D‟Elena (2009), suggest that in late history, credit is by and large given to the craftsman Andy Warhol for making popular screen printing distinguished as serigraphy, in the United States. American entrepreneur, craftsman and innovator Michael Vasilantone created and protected a rotational multicolour article of clothing screen printing machine in 1960. The first rotating machine was made to print logos and group data on rocking the bowling alley articles of clothing yet before long coordinated to the new prevailing fashion of imprinting on shirts. The Vasilantone patent was before long authorized by different makers, the subsequent generation and blast in printed shirts made the rotational piece of clothing screen printing machine the most famous gadget for screen imprinting in the business. Screen imprinting on articles of clothing presently represents over portion of the screen-printing action in the United States. Screen printing is generally utilized today to make many mass or vast bunch created textures and piece of clothing. Screen printing, nonetheless, has remained an alluring, savvy and high number creation technique for printing plans onto textures and articles of clothing. Screen printing frequently requires gifted masterful change and includes a few free tedious advances.

Different types of printing

According Mathilda V. Schwalbach and James A. Schwalbach (1980), printing can be categorised into four normal categories: relief, intaglio, planographic and stencil printing.

Relief printing

Relief printing is one of the oldest forms of printing. It involves a woodcut which is one of the most common form of relief printing. On a wooden block, a drawing is drawn by ink. The printed will then remove out the unlinked areas, which will result only the inked areas to be intact. On the raised area (intact area), printing ink is applied and a sheet of paper is laid on the block to take an impression by hand.

Intaglio printing

Intaglio printing is also one of the oldest printing techniques. It is the complete opposite of relief printing. In this form of printing, the printing process is done from ink under the surface a plate. Rembrandt Vin Rijn used the intaglio printing to print one of his famous etching. Etching is a process by which on a metal plate, the design is carved, cut out or incised and covers a host of hand printing processes.

Planographic printing

This type of printing also labelled by the name of lithography. It is a surface printing technique. Unlike the relief or intaglio process, no grooves are cut or etched into the surface of the plate. It acts on the principle that grease and water will not combine but will oppose each other. The drawing is drawn or designed on the surface of a finely smooth surface of limestone. If there are any dips in the surface of the stone, that will not equal to the transfer evenly to the print. Afterwards, the stone is treated with nitric acid and gum Arabic and later bathed into dilute water. The ink is attached to the greasy parts and pushed out by the wet areas when a large ink charged roll is passed upon the limestone. A special press is then passed on it and the design on the coated limestone is printed. This technique was found in 1798 by Alois Senefelder of Munich, who worked with a porous Bavarian limestone for his plate.

Stencil printing

This process printing is as ancient as relief printing. The design is drawn on a thin material and then cut out, which is called a stencil. Shortly after, printing ink is passed through the holes on the stencil onto the surface to be printed. The screen process stencil is an impervious material. The stencil is supported on a woven mesh which is tightly and strongly stretched across a rectangular frame.