Literature Review Of The Implementation Of Green Infrastructure To Adapt To The Effects Of Climate Change
Green Infrastructure (GI) has been proposed as a key element in sustainable urban planning as well as in resilience and in adaptation to the effects of climate change. This green infrastructure will definitely encompass green composites so in order to achieve this goal of sustainable urban planning, green composites need to be used in the construction of modern infrastructure. Poly (butylene succinate) (PBS), as a fully biodegradable thermoplastic has developed rapidly due to its suitable properties. The CaCO3 is the reinforcing component while AHP, APP, and CaHP are the flame-retardant components. The results showed that a small amount of AHP, APP, and CaHP improved the tensile strength of PBS composites however, with further addition of these components, the tensile strength of the PBS composites reduced.
Potadar & Kadam (2018) attempted to study particulate natural fiber based epoxy composites. The work was mainly concerned with preparation and testing of composite materials of composite materials from groundnut shell fibres and coil fibres along with binder and epoxy resins. The strength of the composites depends significantly on the preparation of the fibres hence, special care was taken to prepare the composites. After several experimental tests, the mechanical properties of the coir fibre composites were found to be comparatively better than the groundnut fibre composites.
Pan'kov (2016) developed new solutions for tensors of effective pyroelectromagnetic properties of piezoactive composites on the basis of boundary value problem solution for electromagnetic elasticity. The work revealed the considerable influence that the shape of inclusions, features of relative positioning and inversion of the properties of phases has on the effective coefficients of pyromagnetic and electromagnetic coherence of ferrite/barium titanate composite materials.
Cai et al. (2017) prepared biomass thermoplastic composites by extrusion molding using poplar flour, cotton stalk, rice husk and corn stalk. A thermo gravimetric analyzer was used to evaluate the pyrolysis process of the composites. The results showed that there are two main stages in the pyrolysis process of biomass thermoplastic composites: the first stage is the pyrolysis of biomass while the second is the pyrolysis of plastics. Also, the work showed that the composites prepared by different kinds of biomass is similar. It also showed that a composite material prepared by corn stalk shows a better pyrolysis effect and therefore is more likely to be used as an energy source.
Chu et al. (2018) showed that approximately 2% weight of graphene in the matrix of a unidirectionally-reinforced carbon fiber epoxy composite leads to a significant enhancement in its mechanical properties. Based on X-ray computed tomography and polarized Raman spectroscopy, it has been demonstrated that the graphene is predominantly aligned parallel to the carbon fibers axes. It was also found out that the axial stiffness of the composite was increased by ∼10 GPa accompanied by an increase in the axial strength of 200Mpa. The enhancement was found to be due to three main effects: confinement of graphene between the fiber gaps; the alignment of graphene around the fiber by a ‘filtering’ effect and the matrix being stiffened by the carbon fibers. The work showed the considerable potential of using graphene to enhance the mechanical properties of conventional carbon fiber composites even in the high-stiffness fiber direction.
According to Mulakkal, Trask, Ting, & Seddon (2018), sustainable and cost-effective solutions are crucial for the widespread adoption of 4D printing technology. One solution provided by the paper is the development of cellulose-hydrogel composite ink for additive manufacture. It presents the development and the physical characterization (stability, swelling potential and rheology) of the cellulose-hydrogel composite to establish its suitability for the 4D printing of responsive structures. The composite ink formulation developed in the paper permitted smooth extrusion using an open source 3D printer to achieve controlled material placement in the 3D space while still retaining the functionality of the cellulose. The addition of montmorillonite clay resulted in enhanced storage stability of the composite formulations and also had a beneficial effect on the extrusion characteristics of the formulation. The demonstration of the sustainable and cost-effective ink which is also able to be used with commercial 3D printers was expected to encourage the widespread adoption of 4D printing and to make 4D printing more accessible and attractive to a greater number of researchers.
Hassan et al. , (2018) developed a rapid, sensitive, SERS (Surface-enhanced Raman scattering) active reduced-graphene-oxide-gold-nano-star (rGO-NS) nano-composite nanosensor used for the detection of acetamiprid (AC) residue in green tea. The genetic algorithm-partial least squares regression algorithm was used to develop a quantitative model for AC residue prediction based on the different concentrations gotten when AC combined with rGO-NS nano-composite electro-statically. The accuracy and prediction test showed satisfactory results with RSD lower than 5. 98%.
Santos et al., (2018) investigated composites of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and piassava fiber residue. The fiber residue was washed with a detergent solution treated with warm water at 50◦C, and then ground to a particle size of smaller than the 270 mesh. The fiber residue was found to have a higher surface area, crystallinity index, and smaller particle size than the residue that was only washed. The PHB/piassava fiber residue green composite had improved flow behavior due to increases in their melt flow indexes and easier interaction and wetting during processing, especially for samples with higher residue concentrations. The fiber residue was also able to show thermal stability until 224◦C. Piassava fiber residue was found to be very promising in regards to the development of eco-friendly green composites with some improvements to the rheological and thermal properties of the composite.
Ramkumar et al. , (2018) reports the processing of magnesium matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) using a powder metallurgy technique through high energy milling. Microstructural examination was carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Furthermore, crystal structural analysis using appropriate size and strain models was carried out in order to handle the distinctive anistropy that was observed in convinced crystallographic directions for the magnesium composite. The hardness result revealed that 30% of SiC and Al2O3 affords higher hardness compared to other composites.
According to Omrani, Menezes, & Rohatgi (2016), natural fiber reinforced polymer composites have emerged as a potential environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative to synthetic fiber reinforced composites. The report tried to demonstrate the tribological behaviour of natural fiber reinforced composites and to find knowledge about their usability for various applications that tribology plays a dominant role. The effect of different bio-waste on the tribological properties of polymer composites were also studied. It was shown that bio-waste can decrease the wear rate of polymer composites rather than neat epoxy. The effects of fiber treatment, fiber orientation and fiber volume fraction at various temperatures and loads on tribological properties of polymer matrix composites reinforced by natural fibers were also discussed in the work.
According to Kumar & Bhowmik (2014), composites based on natural fibre reinforcement have generated wide research and engineering interest in the last few decades due to their high specific strength, small density, low cost, recyclability, light weight and biodegradability and they have earned a special category of green composite. Sundi wood dust reinforced epoxy composite were processed with seven different % filler weight. The flexural and tensile tests were performed at three different speeds to study the mechanical behaviour of the composites. The results of the experiment showed that successful fabrication of the sundi wood dust reinforced epoxy composites was possible and that the sundi wood dust possesses good filler characteristics as it improves the tensile and flexural properties of the polymeric resin. The best mechanical properties were observed for 10% filler weight and speed of 1mm/min and 2 mm/min speed.
Friedrich & Luible (2016) suggested that in times of increasingly scarce resources, it is important for conventional materials to be treated more and more with renewable ingredients. However, green products are still rare and their development is still very challenging especially for small companies. The study evaluated European scientific projects in composites from which they derived a Research Portfolio serving as future matrix for ideation. The results of the study emphasize the importance of a WPC (bio-reinforced plastics) Future-Matrix derived from current research projects.
The result also has managerial implication because it is useful for generating ideas for a strategic innovation roadmap. In terms of green composites and eco assessment, a WPC manufacturer who focuses on the development of a flat pressed green composite façade panel will by doing so combine those trends which according to their portfolio show the most significant innovation potential.
Muthirulan, Nirmala Devi, & Meenakshi Sundaram (2017) studied the synchronous role of coupled adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of alizarin cyanine green dye (ACG) in aqueous solution on porous Commercial Activated Carbon (CAC)-titanium dioxide (TiO2) mixture under UV irradiation. It was shown that the synergetic roles of coupled adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation remarkably enhances the activities, but the synchronous role generates excellent degradation activity of ACG which is much more lower than that of commercial TiO2 photocatalyst. The study also implied the rational viability of using CAC-TiO2 in the presence of UV light for an ecofriendly mineralization of ACG dye in textile waste water treatment.
Junior, da Silva, Gabriel, & Braga (2015) evaluated the influence of environmental conern in people’s retail buying behavior of green products. The objective of the study was to access whether the consumer was recognizing and intentionally buying the green products in retail. An exploratory study was conducted in a quantitative nature through a survey with a sample of 811 respondents. It was discovered that environmental concern has no effect on the declared purchase for green products on the other hand, it had a significant relationship with the intention of purchase. Another point of view that was espoused was the possibility of consumers to be seeking organic or environmental friendly products in specialized retail stores and hence making conventional supermarkets not to worry about investing and making these products available in their stores.
