Literature Review On The Rural Connectivity And Development
Introduction
Several studies have enhanced the good bonding between the rural connectivity and development. Development in rural areas will in turn provide people in those region with optimum amenities like housing, occupation, education, etc. It can also be said that any development in rural area will results in bringing the people in rural areas above their poverty status. The main amenity that is being concentrated is the rural housing. Any economical and eco-friendly housing system will create a major impact on the rural people poverty status. Thus, there will be a faster development phase in rural areas.
International scenario
Mander et al. (2012) in his paper “Development and testing of the prototype straw bale house “, presented the research, development, construction and testing of straw bale on a prototype house. The use of straw bale helps to identify a new and low cost widely available low-carbon co-product of farming as a construction material, in housing and other application. The various tests were conducted during the research as durability assessment, fire resistance tests, sound transmittance testing, air permeability tests and thermal surveys. Based on the above test results the acceptance of straw bale as construction materials were put into action.
Inference: From this paper, we can understand that there is a possibility of use of straw bale as a good construction material and in order to accept this, the straw bale has to pass on through several tests namely test for air permeability, fire, acoustic durability and thermal resistance. The results of fire resistance test were found to be satisfactory, that for a 135min test, the straw bale was able to withstand for another 45 minutes even after the lime render failed at the 90th minute at 20 Pa air pressure.
Arman Hashemi, et al. (2015), in his paper” Improving Thermal Comfort in low-income Tropical housing: The case of Uganda”, estimated that there will be a rise in average temperature of about 3-40 C in next 70 years in east African countries due to global warming. The poor living condition of people in eastern African countries like Uganda, will be worst affected because of these climatic changes. One of the main reasons behind, the rise in average temperature is due to the use of harmful construction materials like concrete and iron sheet roofs which is in turn causes the thermal discomfort and also affects the health and well-being of the low-income people. Whereas traditional materials such as thatched roof is 15 times better thermally efficient compared to the iron sheet roof.
Inference: From this paper, it is inferred that after various evaluations, the average internal temperature that a human could be at their thermal comfort is 260 C. The most important factor to be considered for thermal comfort is low-rise buildings is the roofing method/materials. The type of roofing plays a vital role in maintaining the internal temperature of the building and we can also understand that the risk of overheating was reduced up to 15% while using thatched roof instead of Iron sheet roof.
P. Mendonca et al. (2016), in his paper “Environmental benefits from the use of Vegetable materials in Building construction: Case study in the south of Portugal “, presented the benefits of using vegetable materials, like timber and straw as an alternative to conventional materials like brick concrete and steel. The paper also highlights the significance about the cost and environmental advantages that the above vegetable materials can produce. In order to make a comparison between conventional and vegetable materials, three model houses were taken for examination.
Inference: From this paper, it is inferred that use of thatched straw can reduce the embodied energy to 50%, Global warming potential to 40%, Acid potential to 60% and Chemical Oxygen depletion to 90% compared to the conventional hollow brick wall with concrete post and beam structure. When all the environmental aspects are taken into considerations, thatched straw proved to be more eco-friendly and sustainable materials in terms of construction.
National scenario
V. K. Mathur et al. (2000), in his paper “Skeleton system is an approach for construction of rural buildings in earthquake prone areas”, states the main aim for rural development is construction of a cost-effective rural housing, that which has flexibility in deciding the building materials and skilled labourer. It explains us about the effective construction of the skeleton system for a house to withstand the various climatic conditions. It also states that the building materials like glass, reed, wood, bamboo etc. are good earthquake resistant but will suffer due to rapid decay because they are from natural origin. And thatched roof can gain strengths of fire-retardant properties by pressing the panel material in between two split bamboo mats and tied with GI wires. It is said that, water proofing can be done with mud-plastering of which 62. 5 Kg of bitumen cut-back is being added with 1 cubic meter of soil-animal dung paste is applied as plaster.
Inference: From this paper, it is inferred that if the skeleton of the construction system is properly carried out, then it can withstand any climatic conditions. And we also understand that, to make a material water proofing, mud-plastering: bitumen and soil animal dung is applied as plastering on thatched roof. Hence, for making a rood fire resistance and also to gain its optimum strength, one has to press the panel material in between two split bamboo mats and tied with GI wires. These techniques give an idea to use an easily, locally and economically available material to be used for plastering in thatched roofs to resist fire.
Prof. Pravin V. Danki et al. (2015), in his paper “Natural Fibre Reinforced Building Materials “ presented about the concern of global warming which is due to the deforestation and about the development of subsequent plans for substitution of wood that had resulted in more attraction towards the natural fibre based materials for building constructions. This paper also explains us about the in-depth view on the use of natural fibres like rice husk, straw bales, coconut fibres etc. These advantages and its future aspects, which transformed the usage of synthetic fibres to natural fibres.
Inference: From this paper, it is inferred that, with the help of many researches done on natural fibres, their characteristics, advantages over synthetic fibres made a chance to know about the exact status of synthetic fibre and its effects on the environment which paved a way to switch on from synthetic fibre to natural fibres. Thus, from this paper it can be concluded that use of natural fibres will not pollute the environment because, it is a readily available materials which can be easily utilized for building construction without any harm to people and environment and also the cost and time for buying these natural materials is not of great difficulty.
