Medicinal And Pharmaceutical Uses Of Animals
Blood can be separated into several fractions that have therapeutic uses. Liquid plasma is the largest fraction (63. 0%), it contains albumin (3. 5%), globulin and fibrinogen (4. 6%). Many blood components such as fibrinogen, fibrinolysin, serotonin, kalikreninsia, immunoglobulin and plasmogen are isolated for chemical or medical uses. Purified bovine albumin is used to help replenish blood or fluid loss in animals. It is used in testing for Rhesus factor in human beings, and as a stabilizer for vaccine. It is also used in antibiotic sensitivity testing.
Gelatin is produced by the controlled hydrolysis of water-insoluble collagen derived from proteins. It is made from fresh raw materials (hide or bone) that are in an edible condition. Both hides and bones contain large quantity of collagen. The processing of gelatin from hide consists of three major steps. The first step is the elimination of non-collageneous material from the raw material. This is followed by controlled hydrolysis of collagen to gelatin. The final step is recovery and drying of the final product.
A product made from extracted collagen can stimulate blood clotting during surgery. Pork skin is similar to human skin and can be converted into a dressing for burns or skin-ulcers. It can be used for skin grafting. Animal glands and organs are traditionally used as medicine in many countries including China, India, Japan. The endocrine glands secret hormones (i. e. enzymes that regulate the body’s the body’s metabolism). These include the liver, the lungs, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, stomach, parathyroid, adrenal, kidney, Corpus luteum, ovary and follicle.
When glands arrive at the pharmaceutical plants, they are inspected when chopped and mixed with different solutions for extraction or placed in a vacuum drier. If the dried glands contain too much fat, solutions such as gasoline, light petroleum, ethylene or acetone are used to remove the fat. After drying and defattening, the glands or extracts are grinded into powder and turned into capsules, or used in their liquid forms. They are tested for safety and potency before they are then marketed.
Brains, nervous systems and spinal cords are source of cholesterol which is the raw material for the synthesis of vitamin D3. Cholesterol is also used as an emulsifier in cosmetics. Other materials can be isolated from the hypothalamus of the brain for the same purpose. The hormone melatonin, extracted from the pineal gland, is being evaluated for treatment of schizophrenia, insomnia and other problems including mental retardation.
Bile insists of acids, pigments, proteins, cholesterol etc. , and can be obtained from the gall bladder. It is used for the treatment of indigestion, constipation and bile tract disorders. It is used to increase the secretory activity of the liver. ble from cattle or pigs can be purchased as a dry extract or in liquid form. Some ingredients of bile, such as predisone and cortisone can be extracted separately and used as medicines.
The liver is the largest gland in animals. The liver of mature cattle usually weighs about 5kg, while that of pig weighs approximately 1. 4 kg. Liver extract is produced by mixing raw ground liver with slightly acidified hot water. The stock is concentrated into a paste in a vaccum at a low temperature and is used as a raw material by pharmaceutical companies. Liver extract can be obtained from pigs and cattle and has been used for a long time as a source of vitamin B12 and as a nutritional supplement used to treat various types of anaemia. Heparin can be extracted from the liver, as well as the lungs and the lining of the small intestine. It is used as an anticoagulant to prolong the clotting time of blood. It is also used to thin the blood, to prevent blood clotting during surgery and in organ transplant.
Progesterone and oestrogen can be extracted from pig ovaries. It may be used to treat reproductive problems in omen. Relaxin is a hormone taken from ovaries of pregnant sows, and is often used during child birth. The pancreas provides insulin, which regulates sugar metabolism and is used in treatment of diabetes. Glucagon extracted from cells of the pancreas is used to increase blood sugar, and to treat insulin overdoses or low blood sugar caused by alcoholism. Chymotyrpsin and trypsin are used to manufacture catgut, to make internal surgical sutures. The lining of the small intestine of pigs and cattle can be collected while the intestines are being processed into castings. It is either preserved in raw state, or processed in a dry powder for shipment to heparin manufactures.
Disease control
During an outbreak of infectious disease, large scale depopulation of livestock may be necessary to curb further spread of pathogen and prevent associated welfare problems arising. The welfare or health of infected of risk animals is of primary concern. Additionally, zoonotic disease which can be transmitted between animals and humans pose health risks to people. If a notifiable disease is confirmed on ones premises, the relevant authorities must be contacted.
In the United Kingdom, the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APH) provides guidelines on emergency killing of cattle and other animals for disease control purposes. It is primarily aimed at livestock producers, veterinary surgeons, knackermen, killing personnel, animal welfare inspectors, animal health officers, students and other people who may be involved with the emergency killing of livestock. Some information is provided which relates to UK regulations and practices but the general principle is relevant to people in other jurisdictions. It is the primary responsibility of everyone involved in depopulation to be aware of the local legislation and comply with it.
Financial Needs
Cattle breeding are a very profitable business, as the cattle are slaughtered every day in different parts of the world. The meat from cattle contains proteins and its bones calcium and some other minerals (these in combination with other food components taken in the right proportions makes a balanced meal) therefore placing meat from cattle as one of the daily needs of man. Meat processors and others involved in animal husbandry such as the farmers (because of how profitable this business is, some tribes in Northern Nigeria hand it over to their children as family business), animal breeders, butcher and meat sellers (the high demand of cattle meat especially during festive periods) make considerable profit from the sales and slaughter of cattle and are therefore able to meet their needs.
