The Issue Of The Civil Engineering
The field of civil engineering is mainly based on engineering strategies which collide with thoughtful of the environment around us and managing its resources according to our wants. People always makes lifetime easier with evolution, for this type of situations considering the civil engineering turf the aspects of surveying and mapping are spirited points there for the GIS application is used at those moments in helping civil engineers to work easily. Fundamentally, we as civil engineers regardless of importance portion one characteristic in that we are all problem solvers. Civil engineers solve problems through modeling, design, planning, and evaluation. Active to these progressions are the tools that we employ to accomplish our task. A tool that has thrived within civil engineering in recent ages is geographic data systems (GIS). Specifically applied to modeling civil engineering marvels, GIS has been familiar in a common of the civil engineering corrections as a positive technology. Nevertheless, of its seeming, what is certain is that GIS technology was not established with the meaning of being a tool for civil engineering modeling; then engineers would not put forth such extreme effort in fitting many models to GIS.
In this situation, civil engineering modeling discusses to the application of mathematical repetition to civil engineering- related problems for the purposes of understanding a physical process or providing an analytical tool. civil engineers work with a voluminous amount of data from a variety of sources. Geographic information system (GIS) technology delivers the tools for making, supervision, examining, and visualizing the data associated with developing and managing infrastructure. GIS allows civil engineers to manage and share data and turn it into easily understood reports and imaginings that can be analyzed and connected to others. This data can be related to both a project and its broader geographic framework. It also helps administrations and administrations work together to develop plans for tolerable development. Thus, GIS is playing an increasingly important role in civil engineering companies, supporting all phases of the substructure life cycle. The software supports so many data formats used in the infrastructure life cycle and consenting civil engineers to provide data to various activities in the required format while maintaining the data’s core trustworthiness.
GIS technology provides a central location to behavior latitudinal analysis, overlay data, and integrate other answers and systems. Built on a database rather than separate project files, GIS allows civil engineers to easily achieve, reuse, share, and inspect data, saving time and possessions.Future developments of engineering GIS seek to extend the spatial data modeling and analysis far beyond that of the current generation GIS. The next generation of GIS should blur the distinction between model routines and GIS functions through the fusion of models and spatial representation (Raper and Livingstone 1995), as demonstrated in Case Study 6. This can be achieved by addressing the functionality, data models, and interfaces of conventional GIS. A significant tool in the range of territorial planning and groundwork of the building structures is a similar territorial plan and regional analytic document administrated and published by web GIS tools. The basis of info system is database storeroom, the means for creation and data management and mainly the web portal for data presentation. The functional technologies have to ensure the basic data capture process, analyses and data output.
A very important part of the system is the quality metadata. Graphical part of data warehouse contains several basic layers out of which the most important one is the cadastral map layer, ortho-photo, digital technical map, regional plan, territorial analytic documents (land-use values, limits of landscape application, intentions of potential landscape changes and involved problems) and basic maps of medium scales. Other thematic layers, passports and others create a particular thematic subject matter used by specialists. Integration of landscape analytic documents enables their usage by general public designers of landscape plans, metropolises and other subjects. In the introductory phase is attentive on spatial distribution of the building structure, check of best its viability and usefulness, road structure projects worked out, different more detailed solution of technical problems of the building structure are expectable. In process of working on project various forms of basic source resources as well as the results of actual data capture, map documents previous resources photographs mentioning to the solved problem and suitable legal and technical directions have been used. GIS technology is often interconnected with modern technologies of data capture on the base of geodetic methods making use of GPS, total station or other powerful electronic system. Innovative usage of GIS in civil engineering was published.
One of the principal papers in the phase of building structures preparations, that mediates direct feedback of prepared construction on landed and real properties proprietors, eventually engineering network managers of the concerned land is the so called confiscation paper, the main goal of which is a documentation of allotments determined for extraction from agricultural soil fund and lands allocated for forest. In addition to the lists and necessary data of lands needed for feasibility of the construction, the documentation contains assessment of confiscation including the plan of cultivation of temporary confiscation and materials for encumbrances namely connected with realization of underground engineering utilities. The basic data source of preparatory phase of construction is the Information system of cadaster of real estates in the Czech Republic. This system for real estates and legal relations referring to it is guaranteed by the state. Manager of this information system is the Czech Office for Surveying and Cadaster.
By the year 2015 all the cadastral maps will be transformed into digital form and will be accessible in the public cadaster of real estates information system. Data from the Information system of cadaster of real estates are accessible at the field work even through technology of mobile GIS using PDA e. g. with the installed Arpad software. With help of GPS mobile technology, we can localize necessary boundary of the interest territory, main profiles essential for the future detailed geodetic surveying, verify cadastral links through connection of cadastral data by remote access to information system of the cadaster of real estates. For measuring it is recommendable to use calibrated and verified mobile GPS measuring devices with the determined uncertainty.
Another subject of our attention is above all the information about property-owners, documentation of the lands in question, identification of existing engineering networks etc. The selected data in field can be stored through the remote access directly into GIS project on the server and then to work on the homogenous multidisciplinary platform usable for other professions sharing the presentation of the construction. Localization of the interest object of technologies, in consequence it is possible to show information on real estates with the printout of information system of real estates cadaster Czech Republic. GIS plays a very important role relating to the archiving of the construction documentation. Nowadays the project documentation in all stages of the constructions is used in digital, form mostly in CAD compatible data formats. Very important is the archiving of the official documents and decisions which still have a paper form therefore it is necessary to translate it into raster or automatized text form. EDMS (Electronic Document Management System) tools are made full use of.
A homogenous platform of complex construction documentation on the basis of GIS and EDM values is a significant tool for a successful implementation of the construction; its subsequent commissioning into operation and future reconstruction. In the space of several years (mostly at reconstructions) it is very beneficial to have all complete data sources at our disposal (documentation of actual completion of the construction) containing besides others even the most important part – the geodetic surveying plan of real course of new underground engineering network.Essential source of information in solving the problems of water management are the data derived on the basis of field survey. During the field survey it is necessary to know the actual position and have the possibility to update data from the field control. All of these functions provides us with the mobile geographic information system (GIS), which is a rapidly evolving technology with the possibility of applications in a wide range of fields of human activity. This is due to the current technical level of computer technology, which enables the portability of GIS to mobile devices such as laptop, handheld computer, etc.
GIS technology in civil engineering is widely used at present. It is mainly due to the accessibility of modern measuring and information technologies. GIS phenomenon consists in data presentations through web portals on the internet. GIS products are accessible to the general public. GIS and records of electronic documents working on the database principle enable to make use of information more effectively. In the state administration and self-rule authority the usage of GIS leads to the simplification of decision processes and thus lowering the administration bureaucracy. The accessibility of complex information concerning the locality in the preparatory phase of the building structures leads to possibility of their maximum usage or specification and completion, and time and financial costs are indirectly lowered. The efficiency of the whole process of the building structures preparation is increased.
Next generation GIS strive to alleviate many of the limitations of current GIS when applied to modeling through addressing current data models, functionality, and interfaces. These developments are promising but, as problem solvers, engineers are faced with working with the tools that are immediately available. This is, in large part, the reason why so many engineers integrate multiple applications with GIS to facilitate their particular task or software need. Much has been written on the subject of the integration of models with GIS. Borne out of this discussion are countless terms describing the strength of connection. Weak connections, usually typified by static file transfer and disparate user interfaces, may be referred to as loose coupled, shallow coupled, linked, or external. Stronger connections, which are associated with GIS-specific utilities and a coherent user interface, may be referred to as tight coupled, deep coupled, embedded, or internal.
Rao et al. (1997) defined two or more components that are glued together in any manner through means of interapplication communication or distributed computing platforms, such as DDE, OLE/COM, CORBA, or ACL, as an interconnected component application (ICA). The enumerated terms used by the GIS community for the construction of an ICA suggests that there are recipes or guidelines in which to follow. ICA development is much more of an art in that there is no optimal approach or generic set of procedures. Developers must consider the functionality that is desired and the functionality that is offered by available components. They must consider the type of interconnection and identify what cannot be accomplished by existing components. Developers must often perform modifications to existing components to facilitate interconnection. Object-oriented methods, which can afford higher-level semantics, are the catalyst behind the next generation of GIS for modeling.
The advantage of object orientation being that underlying data structures, or means by which data are stored, do not influence representation. Different object-oriented GIS employ different mechanisms for interfacing spatial and spatial data. Some systems employ object-oriented databases with unified storage (e.g., Laser-Scan Gothic, Cambridge, England); whereas others use an object-oriented language to provide higher-level meaning to data stored in a relational database. The GIS community has recognized the need for open GIS (not to be mistaken for the open systems paradigm) through the evolution of the open geodetic interoperability specification (OGIS) by the open GIS consortium (OGC). OGC is a broad reaching alliance of research centers, software vendors, and system integrators. Their vision is the full integration of geospatial data and geoprocessing resources into mainstream computing, and the widespread use of interoperable, commercial geoprocessing software throughout the global information infrastructure (Buehler and McKee 1998). OGC defines open GIS as seem less access to heterogeneous spatial data and geoprocessing resources in a networked environment. OGIS attempts to provide a comprehensive suite of interface specifications that enable developers to write interoperating components.
The primary goal of the OGIS formal, abstract, and implementation specifications is the utility of access to spatial data across remote locations, regardless of format or product of origin. However, OGIS is not a data standard, but rather an operational model designed to dynamically translate spatial data, which can be accessed by applications through basic operations. The implementation specification seeks to achieve geoprocessing interoperability by establishing a standard way for OGIS compliant products to use distributed computing platform services (Albrecht 1999). Thus, an OGIS-compliant product that employs, for instance, COM technology, will be able to communicate or interact with another OGIScompliant product that is based on CORBA technology. The advantages of this being that, hopefully, by being OGIS compliant a product will be compatible with the open system paradigm.In conclusion we can identify that the GIS application strongly helps the civil engineering field in helping the users to get much more accurate information and data an engineer needs.
