Anti-Inflammatory Properties Of Modafinil
Stroke is contemplated the important leading cause of serious disability in all over the world. Stroke occur about annual rate of 2-18 per 1000 people, it is the second cause of death in the world and it also lead to disability in adult people worldwide. In addition, likelihood of relapse in strokes are about 13% - 14% during the first year and nearly 6% in following years. Interruption of blood flow in the supply of brain blood is a main reason for induction of hypoxia and privation of nutrient such as glucose. Most of neurological defects are created by some of biochemical and molecular mechanisms consisting explosion of reactive oxygen species (ROS), signaling of excitotoxic glutamatergic, increasing of inflammatory mediators that leading to sudden death of a part of nervous which induce the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia.
Previous studies shown many important risk factor that has involved on stroke such as high blood pressure, heart disease, smoking, abuse of alcohol, diabetes mellitus, transient ischemic attacks, hypercholesterolaemia and age over 65 years old. In addition, recent studies have reported some new risk factors consisting several types of infections, sleep-disordered breathing, homocysteine, and inflammatory markers. The brain is damaged in various areas due to stroke, for example neocortex and CA1 pyromidal neurons of the hypocampus. Neurons of hippocampal CA1 region have pivotal roles in functions of memory and learning, and many studies clearly shown that this neurons are sensitive to ischemia. In addition, pyramidal neurons degeneration that subsequently occur after stroke leading to impairment of memory.
Modafinil (2-[(Diphenylmethyl) sulfinyl] acetamide; is a wake-promoting drug that used to treat of sleepiness in narcolepsy, sleep apnea, disorders of shift work, and many other indication for instance fatigue that occur in multiple sclerosis. in addition, modafinil experimentally used in some disease such as Alzheimer’s, myotonic dystrophy, and some other impairments include cancer-related fatigue, cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Modafinil has complex and hard to understand neurobiochemical effects. Some effects of modafinil that has been suggested including inhibition reuptake of dopamine and transporters of norepinephrine, effects on serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, orexin, and systems of histamine, but it is not clear that these effects are direct or due to change in the catecholamine system.
Some recent studies shown anti-inflammatory effects of modafinil better than of aspirin in method of cell culture; interference with actions of methamphetamine and subsequently protective effect against toxicity of dopamine, cell death, and neuroinflammation in mouse model. Furthermore, modafinil attenuates inflammation in apoE deficiency model of atherosclerosis in mouse.
