Austro-Hungarian And Ottoman Empires
What is now Croatia, was historically less united, its regions more distinct from each other and having more variable cultural inclinations. It is now generally considered as having five regions, central Croatia, the more inland Slavonia, and Istria, Kvarnar, and Dalmatia along the coast. Each region has own regional identitarianism, and influence by its greater proximity to Austria, to Hungary, to Italy, or to Serbia or to Bosnia-Herzegovina. During the revolution of 1848, Croatians sided more with Austria, fearing Hungarians as more arbitrary; after 1867, most ofCroatia was placed on the Austrian side of control.
Serbia, long including at times the Kosovo region, has long had a relatively stronger national-ethnic identity. Although for nearly half a millennium under the Ottoman Empire, Orthodox Christian Serbs, like Greeks or Romanians, always sought their route to being rid of Ottoman control, occasionally erupting in violent conflicts, including the 1804 Serbian uprising which set the stage for Serbian independence. That independence was finally and fully recognised by the 1878 Berlin Congress, along with that of Montenegro, Romania, and Greece. Declaring itself as a kingdomin 1882, Serbia became a central base for the Pan-Slavic movement, supporting North Macedonian and other rebels against the Ottomans in the Balkan wars of 1912-13, helping set the stage for World War I.
Little Montenegro is ethnically and linguistically highly related to Serbia. Cetinje, the old capital, was considered a neutral zone between the Austrian and Ottoman Empires, whilst the greater part of what is now Montenegro, was under the Ottomans, another smaller part under the Austrian Hapsburgs. Leading the push for Montenegrin independence in the late 19th century, was self-proclaimed King NikolaI Petrović-Njegoš from 1860 onwards, successfully winning international recognition for himself and his country in 1878.
Yugoslavia in the Balkans, 1918 to 1992, briefly comprises three main periods, those of the (i) Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 1918-41;(ii) World War II, 1941-45; and the (iii) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 1945–92. From the emergence of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, to the dissolution of the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia (1919-1990s)
