Depression And Anxiety
Introduction
The topic of this research study is about disentangling depression and anxiety in relation to neuroticism, extraversion, suicide, and self-harm with adult psychiatric inpatients with serious mental illnesses. The study was used to determine the symptom structure of depression-anxiety comorbidity and its relation to neuroticism, extraversion, and suicide/self-harm behavior within this high-risk population (Subica, Allen, Frueh, Elhai, & Fowler, 2016).
This topic is of importance to me because I, myself, struggle with depression. I have also, in the past, dealt with suicidal thoughts and being a patient at an inpatient facility. I like being able to have this personal connection to articles that I am reading about and interpreting. It makes them just a little bit easier for me to interpret, especially if I have had some similar experiences. It also helps me to understand all the different studies that are out there for certain diagnoses. I had no idea how many different studies there were just for depression and anxiety themselves. The topic is important to the researchers because with this information they can use their results to help those cope that have been experiencing these same symptoms. This information is important to doctors, so that they can see what other actions can be used to better help their patients that struggle with these symptoms.
Summary
The objectives for this study were as followed; the first objective was to use bifactor analyses to confirm anxiety comorbidity symptomology in adult inpatients with SMI (Subica, Allen, Frueh, Elhai, & Fowler, 2016). The second objective was to use factorial data to correlate the independent tripartite factors and the ‘Big Two’ personality traits of neuroticism and extraversion to test two prior findings from raw data with non-adult inpatient populations (Subica, Allen, Frueh, Elhai, & Fowler, 2016). The third and final objective of this study was to explore the rates of suicide and self-harm behaviors and their relationships with the tripartite factors within a large adult inpatient sample (Subica, Allen, Frueh, Elhai, & Fowler, 2016). The study was aiming to enhance clinicians’ assessment and treatment of these patients’ comorbid depression and risk for suicide and self-harm (Subica, Allen, Frueh, Elhai, & Fowler, 2016).
The participants in this study are 962 adults receiving inpatient treatment at a private non-profit psychiatric hospital in the United States. The length of their stay was an average of 47. 95 days. The data was collected from these adults from July 2012 through April 2014 (Subica, Allen, Frueh, Elhai, & Fowler, 2016).
The key factors in this study were the correlated factors, which was a two-factor oblique solution consisting of depression and anxiety (Subica, Allen, Frueh, Elhai, & Fowler, 2016). Bifactor was another key factor. It was a bifactor orthogonal solution that corresponded to the correlated factors, mentioned above, plus it also included a general factor specified to load on all 16 items (Subica, Allen, Frueh, Elhai, & Fowler, 2016).
The tools that they used to measure this study were the PHQ-9, the GAD-7, the Big Five Inventory, and the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. The PHQ-9 is a 9 item self-report measure that assesses core depression symptomology over the prior 2 weeks. It does this based on a 4-point scale. It is composed of one factor and it is validated as a depression severity index. The GAD-7 is a 7 item self-report that measures common anxiety symptoms. It assesses the symptoms of anxiety over the prior 2 weeks, also using a 4-point scale. The Big Five Inventory is a 44 item self-report measure. It uses short phrases to assess prototypic markers of the five-factor model. The five-factor model includes neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness. Lastly, the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale is an interview that is semi-structured. It measures the severity of suicidal related phenomena. It is measured on a 25-point scale (Subica, Allen, Frueh, Elhai, & Fowler, 2016).
The results from this study supported the clinician’s original hypothesis of the fact that depression and anxiety are very present with adult inpatients. This study fulfilled their first objective. The second objective was not as conclusive, so to use this information, they would require further testing to gather those results. The correlations of this study indicate that trait negative affectivity is very common among those with depression and/or anxiety (Subica, Allen, Frueh, Elhai, & Fowler, 2016).
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