Exploring Institutional Corrections: A Critical Overview

Correction as a component of criminal justice system, the term correction, corrections and correctional are words describing a variety of functions typically carried out by government agencies involving the punishment, treatment and the supervision of person who have been convicted of crimes, these are variety of functions that are usually carried out by the government agencies. In institutional correction essay the concept of correction and its components will be considered.

Correctional system also known as penal system when we say penal system it is a system where in penalizing those persons deprives of liberty which also refers to a network of agencies that functions related to rehabilitating convicted persons through either institutional-based or community-based corrections, meaning to say their movement have been supervised, have been monitored and there are a custodial forces that look after the welfare and also to supervised the treatment program that had been designed for them. The term correction or corrections is also the name of a field of academic study concerned with the theories, policies, and programs pertaining the practice of corrections meaning to say it is also the field of those academicians or those scholars who are going to conduct a research and order studies that pertains to the practice of corrections with concern to theories, policies and programs and also objective of the study of the correction it includes personnel training and management as well as the experiences of those on the other side of the fence. The unwilling subjects of the correctional process. So meaning to say they are going to study very well those persons deprived of liberty their experiences for the personnel correctional or corrections personnel correctional or corrections personnel be able to determine what is due for a person deprived of liberty what is suitable program, treatment program for that matter. “Corrections” (1950s and 1960s) the term penology has been changed into corrections, this in order to avoid the negative notion.  The Philippine Criminal Justice System have five components or have two major components which compose of five pillars those components the first component is first formal components and the second component is non-formal component and also charged with the responsibility for the custody, custody is to taking care of or watch over or to look after the person's deprive of liberty under the authority and supervise and rehabilitate of those who judicially fond violated criminal law.

We have two approaches of corrections, first is institution based creation this type of approach of correction is more on a rehabilitating or correcting a particular person deprived of liberty inside correctional facilities or institutions such as national penitentiaries and under the national penitentiaries and or jails in terms of national prisoner we have the bureau of corrections will cater those person deprived of liberty or adjudicated with a final judgement of the competent court who are going to serve their sentence three years and above or also known as insular prisoners while in jail we have different levels and types of jails. We have the City jail, we have also the Municipal jail, we have Provincial jail and also lack of jail. Next we have non-institutional correction (community-based correction) that it is a rehabilitation or correctional programs take place within the community, the community will help actually in terms of boosting the morale of those convicted individuals. The following Agencies of the government charge with correctional responsibility, first we have (BUCOR) Bureau of corrections, Second the (BJMP) Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, third is the (BPP) Board of Pardon and Parole, fourth is (PPA) Parole and Probation Administration, last is Provincial and Sub-provincial jails. Bureau of Correction this particular bureau is responsible for national prisoner and BJMP this particular bureau is responsible for jails under which is we have the following we have the municipal jail, we have city jail and we have also municipal circuit jail. The term imprisonment it is the confinement to an institution commitment to prison confinement custody detainment, custody held in captive held in restraint in captive, in custody, in jail, incarceration interment, kept behind bars, kept as captive, kept in custody, kept in detention, keep under arrest, lock up, put behind bars, put in cell, put under restraint, sent in jail, sent in prison and many more. 

Next is the Constitutional Limitations of Government to Punish Criminals, meaning to say the government or the personnel of those bureaus that the agencies have their constitutional limitations in terms of enforcing or in terms of instituting punishment towards the criminals, legal rights against Unlawful Imprisonment or Detention, based on the text under the 1987 constitution which states “No person may be deprived of lives, liberty and property without due process of law”. Considering that the constitution is not a self-executing law meaning to say it is not the constitution that will be used in terms of executing the law there is the revised penal code that actually provides punishment not only to public officers violating this constitutional right of an individual but also private person as well-next we have considered legal grounds for detention of any person first is commission of the crime in order for the person to be detained or to be put behind by bars whenever recommitted crimes, second is violent insanity or other ailment requiring compulsory confinement in a hospital, meaning these are not those individual who don't commit any of crimes instead they have violent insanity or ailment circuit or sometimes we call it hospital arrest that needs to be addressed for their welfare. These perspective is to avoiding the infect in the infections disease or the contagious disease to the other individual so the government initiative is somewhat like to separate those individuals who are suffering from contagious disease that might contaminate or able to communicate it with other individual.

In conclusion, the term correction it is a branch of administration of criminal justice responsible for correction and rehabilitation of those person, who after observance of due process, was found to have violated penal law by competent judicial authority. One of the types of correction is institutional correction that is based on connection with government institutions such as national penitentiaries.