Overview Of The Classes Of Proteobacteria
Introduction
Proteobacteria including most Gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic bacteria are thought to rise from a common photosynthetic ancestor. They are the largest bacterial taxa. However, there are some photosynthesis; other metabolic and nutritional capabilities have emerged to change these characteristics. The phylogenetic relationships in these groups are based on rRNA studies. The name Proteobacteria is taken from the mythical Greek god Proteus, meaning "many shapes." Proteobacteria are divided into five categories specified by the Greek alphabet:
- Alphaproteobacteria
- Betaproteobacteria
- Gammaproteobacteria
- Deltaproteobacteria
- Epsilonproteobacteria.
Characteristics
Some of the characteristics of proteobacteria are: All "proteobacteria" are Gram-negative, and the outer membrane is mainly composed of lipopolysaccharide. Many of them use flagella, but rarely move or rely on bacterial slip.
Myxobacteriales, a bacterium that can combine to form multicellular fruiting bodies. Most members are anaerobic, chemically self-supporting and heterotrophic, but there are some exceptions. Various genera convert energy from light through photosynthesis. Proteobacteria are associated with imbalances in the female lower genital tract microbiota. These species are associated with inflammation. Proteobacteria are part of a normal, healthy placental microbiome.
Classes of proteobacteria
- Alphaproteobacteria
- Pelagibacter
- Azosirillium
- Acetabacter and gluconobacter
- Rickettsia
- Typhus by Rickettsia (Rickettsia prowazekii), caused by the spread of lice
- Rocky Mountain spotted fever, caused by R. rickettsia and transmitted by ticks. In humans, rickettsial infections destroy the absorptivity of blood capillaries, which results in a typical spotted rash.
- Caulobacter and hyphomicrobium
- Rhizobium, bradyrhizobium and agrobacterium
- Nitrobacter and nitrosomonas
- Betaproteobacteria
- Thiobacillus
- Spirillium
- Sphaerotilus
- Bordetella
- Neisseria
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), the causative agent of gonorrhea
- Neisseria meningitidis is an agent for meningococcal meningitis.
- Gammaproteobacteria
- Francisella
- Pseudomonas
- Escherichia Coli
The alphaproteobacteria contains most bacteria that can multiply at very low levels of nutrients. Some have unusual shapes, including protrusions such as the trunk or bud is called prosthecae. Alphaproteobacteria also contain bacteria of agricultural importance that enable nitrogen to parity with plants many plant and human pathogen.
One of the most common microbes on Earth, of course, is in the marine environment, it Pelagibacter ubiqlle. He is a member of a group of marine organisms identified using FISH technology. P. Ubique is the first member of the group has successfully cultivated. Its genome was sequenced, it was found that only 1354 genes. Symbiosis with bacteria and with lower metabolic requires minimal genome. Bacteria small diameter of 0. 3 microns. Its small size of the genome and have a competitive advantage to survive in conditions of low nutrient. It is based on the weight of the most common organisms in the ocean, the absolute amount of its important role in the carbon cycle of the earth in it.
Agriculture microbiologist was interested in Azospirillum genus, Azospirillum is a soil bacterium closely related to the roots of plants, especially in tropical plants. It uses plant nutrients and to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. This form of nitrogen fixation plays an important role in some tropical grasses and sugar cane.
Azospirillum from "A" means "no", "zo" means "life. " Experimental removed from the atmosphere in the early chemical oxygen candle is burned. Nitrogen may still exist, and in this atmosphere, there can be no life in mammals. Thus, nitrogen associates to absences of life.
Acetabaeter and Gluconobacter are industrially important organism which converts Ethanol into Acetic Acid (vineger).
Rickettsia bacterium or gram negative rod bacilli beads, sun flagella. Rickettsiae diameter of 0. 3 to 0. 5 microns, length of 0. 8 to 2. 0 microns. Rickettsia spread through blood-sucking insects and mites for humans, Coxiella Rickettsia in a host cell via phagocytosis. They quickly enters the cytoplasm of the cell and begin to multiply by binary fission they can train or chicken embryos cultured in a cell.
Rickettsia causes many diseases are called spotted fever group. These include:
Members of the genus Caulobacter are found in low-nutrient aquatic environments, such as lakes. They have stems that hold the organism on the surface. This arrangement increases their nutrient uptake when exposed to continuously varying water flows, and the stem increases the surface-to-volume ratio of the cells. These bacteria can use the host's excrement as a nutrient. When the nutrient concentration is abnormally low, the stem size is increased to provide a larger nutrient absorption surface area. Bacteria do not split into two identical cells by two divisions. The parent cell maintains its identity while the size of the bud increases until it is separated as a new cell.
Hyplwmicrobium genus. These bacteria are found in low-nutrient aquatic environments and grow in laboratory water baths.
Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium are important genus of agriculturally important bacteria that infect legumes such as legumes, peas or clover roots. These bacteria are known as the generic term for rhizobia. Its presence in the roots leads to the formation of nodules, in which Rhizobium and plants form a symbiotic relationship, which causes nitrogen to be fixed from the air. Agrobacterium has the ability to invade plants. However, they do not convince nodules or nitrogen fixation. Of particular interest is Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The plant pathogen causing the disease is called the crown mites; the canopy is the plant area where the roots and stems are fused.
Nitrifying bacteria and Nitrosomonas are nitrifying bacteria that are important for the environment and agriculture. They are chemical autotrophs that use inorganic chemicals as energy and carbon dioxide to synthesize all complex chemical components.
Nitrobacter oxidizes ammonium to nitrite, which in turn is oxidized to nitrate by Nitrosomonas in the nitrification process. Nitrate is very important for agriculture.
There is a significant association between beta proteobacteria and alphaproteobacteria. The nutrients used by βproteobacteria diffuse from the anaerobic decomposition zone of organic matter such as hydrogen, ammonia and methane. Many important pathogens have been found in this group.
Hydrogen Sulfide Species and Other Sulfur Oxidizing Bacteria are Important in the Sulfur Cycle These chemical autotrophic bacteria are proficient in obtaining energy by oxidizing a reduced form of sulfur, such as hydrogen sulfide (H1S) or elemental sulfur (So), to sulfate.
The habitat of the genus Spirillum is mainly fresh water. An important morphological difference compared to spiral helix is that the spirochetes are moved by conventional polar flagella rather than axial filaments. Spirulina is a relatively large Gram-negative aerobic bacterium. Spirillum is often used as a demonstration slide when microbiology students are first introduced into the microscope program.
Sheath bacteria are found in fresh water and sewage. These polar flagellated Gram-negative bacteria form a hollow filamentous sheath in which to survive. The sheath is protective and also contributes to nutrient collection. Sphaerotilus may help to expand, which is an important issue in wastewater treatment.
It is a nonmotile, aerobic, Gram-negative rod of B. pertussis. This serious pathogen is the cause of whooping cough or whooping cough.
Neisseria bacteria are aerobic Gram-negative cocci, usually present in the mucosa of mammals. Pathogenic species include
Gammaproteobacteria is the largest subgroup of proteobacteria and have various physiological types.
It is a small polymorphic bacterium that grows only on complex media rich in blood or tissue extracts. Francisella tularensis causes tularemia.
A very important genus, Pseudomollas consists of aerobic, Gram-negative rods that are driven by polar flagella, and single or clustered Pseudomonas are very common in soil and other natural environments.
Under certain conditions, particularly in weakened hosts, such organisms can infect the urinary tract, burns and wounds, and can cause blood to infect abscesses and meningitis. Other Pseudomonas produce soluble fluorescent pigments that illuminate when exposed to ultraviolet light. Light. One, P. syringae, occasionally a plant pathogen.
In hospitals and other pharmaceutical manufacturers, Pseudomonas can grow on tiny traces. Unusual carbon sources such as soap residues or cap liner adhesives found in the solution are unexpectedly troublesome. Pseudomonas can even grow some preservatives, such as quaternary ammonium compounds. Their resistance to most antibiotics is also a source of medical problems.
Although Pseudomonas is an aerobic bacterium, some can replace oxygen with a nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor. This process, anaerobic breathing, produces almost as much energy as aerobic breathing. In this way, Pseudomonas causes significant nitrogen loss in fertilizers and soil. Nitrate is the most readily available form of nitrogen in plants. Under anaerobic conditions, such as in flooded soil, Pseudomonas eventually converts it into valuable nitrates that are converted to nitrogen (N2), which is delivered to the atmosphere.
Vibrionales
Members of the order Vibrionales are facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods. Many are somewhat curved. They are found mostly in aquatic bodies.
It is one of the most common inhabitants of the human intestine are probably the most familiar organism in microbiology. And the genetics of E. coli, it is still an important basic biology research tools - many researchers are considering it almost a laboratory pet, its presence in water or food is a sign fecal contamination of E. coli is usually not pathogenic. However, it may be the cause of urinary tract infections, some strains produce enterotoxin, which causes travellers to diarrhea and occasionally causes very serious foodborne illness.
Conclusion
Proteobacteria is a vast phylum of gram negative bacteria it cause various diseases in humans and animals. it is basically a pathogenic group but some of them are nitrifying bacterias which helps in nitrification and maintain nitrogen cycle.
