Research On Bed Bug Infestation In Kurdistan
Surveys of 34 infested locations in Kurdistan region, Iraq were conducted between June, 2014 and December, 2015. Out of the 135 rooms of different locations in Kurdistan regions investigated, 56 (41. 5%) were infested with bed bugs. A total of 2050 bed bugs collected, comprising 973(47. 7%) males and 1077(52. 5%) females, 1557 eggs were also collected. The highest number of bed bugs collected in hotel and motel 640(31. 2%), whereas the lowest number observed in hospital 15(0. 7%). A total of 56 infested rooms, hospital showed lowest number 2(3. 8%), followed by airport 3(10. 7%), whereas the highest number of rooms infestation founded in apartment 21(37. 5%).
Introduction
Bed begs of the cimicid family are blood-feeding insects that feed entirely on the blood of warm-blooded animals. Two species generally feed on humans: the common (or temperate) bed bug, Cimex lectularius, and the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus. The term most commonly refers to members of the genus Cimex of which Cimex lectularius, the common bed bug, is the species best adapted to human environments. Bed bugs are small, flat, oval-shaped wingless insects.
The adult bedbug feeds one time a week under optimal environments. The major attractants appear to be human body temperature and carbon dioxide and also by certain chemicals. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States of America, bed bugs are ‘‘a pest of significant health importance. ’’ In addition, 68 % of U. S. pest professionals reported that bed bugs are the most stimulating pest to treat. Upwards of 45 disease pathogens have been reported in bed bugs. Bed bug infestation also has been one of the main factors causative to economic losses in the hospitality and tourism industry. Bed bugs can persist long periods without feeding, and when their preferred human hosts are absent they may take a blood meal from any warm-blooded animal while Bed bugs feed at night, hiding in crevices during the day. The common effects from bed bug bites include rashes, bullae pruritic bumps, and rarely systemic allergic reactions. There was no published indication that bed bugs can transmit pathogens. Bed bugs global population has been undergone significant re-emerged with increasing numbers since the late 1990s. This is likely due to an increase in global travel, trade, and the number of insecticide-resistant bed bugs. Bed bug global population is predictable to be increasing by 100–500 % annually in many parts of the world. The worldwide spread of bed bugs is concerning, because they are a significant socioeconomic burden and a major concern to health.
No information about bed bug infestation in this region is available in the scientific literature. Thus, we initiated a survey in Kurdistan, region of Iraq that was conducted with the help of pest management professionals to determine (1) the bed bug species present, (2) the frequency of infestation, and (3) the distribution of bed bugs within different types of locations. The information generated will assist pest management professionals in designing an effective bed bug management program.
Methods and materials
Surveys of 34 infested sites in Kurdistan region, Iraq were conducted between June, 2014 and December, 2015. The locations were selected according to suspected infections, randomly selected rooms were visited and bed frames, mattresses, floor, beds, bed sheets, blankets, pillows, bamboo beds, carpets, benches, walls, cushioned chairs and pillows were thoroughly inspected for bed bugs infestation. Inspections were made with flashlight and fine forceps, collecting bottles, paint-like brushes, and 70% alcohol were the materials used. Where bedbugs were seen, they were brushed into the collecting bottles. The material from which the bedbug was collected was noted and the number of bedbugs collected per material was noted. The collected bed bugs were brought back to the laboratory and identified under a stereo microscope according to keys published by.
Results and discussion
This study was the first in Kurdistan region. Out of the 135 rooms of different locations in Kurdistan regions were investigated, 56 (41. 5) infested with bed bugs. A total of 2050 bed bugs were collected, comprising 973 (47. 7%) males and 1077(52. 5%) females, 1557. The highest number of bed bugs collected in hotel and motel 640 (31. 2%), whereas the lowest number observed in hospital 15 (0. 7%)
The First Study on Bed bug in Iraq-Kurdistan region, Prevalence and Warning message Dr. Khalis Ahmad Hamad Ameen Ministry of Agriculture and water resources-Kurdistan region of Iraq The First Study on Bed bug in Iraq-Kurdistan region, Prevalence and Warning message Dr. Khalis Ahmad Hamad Ameen Ministry of Agriculture and water resources-Kurdistan region of Iraq A total of 56 infested rooms, hospital showed lowest number 2 (3. 8%), followed by airport 3 (10. 7%), whereas the highest number of rooms infestation founded in apartment 21 (37. 5%). Our findings from the survey responses indicate that’s this area become infested by bed bugs, the total infestation (41. 5%) is too high when compared with the first surveillance. This reveals that the recent explosion in bed bug populations has most probably from a combination of (a) Extensive entry of foreign workers into multiple workplaces especially Nepalese, Bangladeshi and South East Asian workers and increased movement of populations across international borders (b) The lack of information in public institutions about the spread of bed bugs in public places, as well as the loss of any objection and protective measures. The bed bugs global population has encounter significant resurgence since the late 1990s. This is likely due to an increase in worldwide travel, trade, and the amount of insecticide-resistant bed bugs.
Our finding indicated that Apartment, Home and hotel three places where the most aggregation of bed bugs according to this improvement, as mean wherever there is a bed, the possibility of having bed bugs is higher. bed bugs(Cimex lectularius ) have been found in many types of buildings such as homes, hotels, apartment houses, and shelters for homeless people. In Erbil governorate, in the 93 examined rooms 53. 8% were infested with bedbugs, the highest infestation located in apartment 42% while the lowest infestation founded in hospital (4%). Out of 1805 bedbugs, 600 of them were collected in supermarket, followed by hotel and motel (430 bedbugs) whereas the lowest numbers of bedbugs observed in hospital (30), on the other hand, among the 1805 collected bedbugs, 949 were males and 856 were females. This study focused on Erbil governorate because it was the capital of Kurdistan region, and the aggregation of foreign workers, so there were differences between cities and infestations. Backpackers, immigrants, guest workers, and the homeless have been specifically identified as sources of infestation.
In the Sulemania and Duhok governorate the number of site and rooms examination are little as well as the infestation rooms also slight. In Duhok between 12 examined rooms only 3 were infested, which were in the hotel and super market, likewise in the 160 collected bedbugs 71 were males and 89 were females. Table (3)Bed bug infestations are increasingly being encountered in homes, shelters, schools, health care facilities, laundries, high-street clothing stores and public transport and they are becoming a major pest in the hotel and lodging industry, Excess numbers in cities, poor construction and the design of new housing, more clutter and belongings in homes, an increase in the number of houses that are centrally heated, denial/lack of incident reporting by hotels and hosteler, increasing trade in second-hand furniture, a greater reliance on communal laundries, unregulated sale, donation, importation and smuggling of second-hand clothing. Although active dispersal of bed bugs can occur. In Sulemania 10% of rooms infested by bedbugs, the highest infestation found in supermarket (66. 7%). Within 85 collected bedbugs, 14 were males and 11 females. Bed bugs are transmitted from one place to another because they “hitchhike” on belongings such as clothes, suitcases, second-hand beds, furniture and bedding. Female bed bugs disperse more than any other stage, so it is likely that the bed bugs that “hitchhike” on people’s belongings are mostly females. Because female bed bugs can store male sperm for four to six weeks, it is also likely that they are pregnant. Therefore, a single, pregnant female that is transferred to a different location can begin a new infestation.
Conclusion
This study was the first, comprise surveillance of bed bugs presence. Kurdistan region has become at the risk of bed bug infestations. The main vector of bed bug was the foreign workers Especial how comes from east Asia. Hotel and motel was the most common place infested by bed bug.
