Swamp Rice Cultivation In South Sumatra, Indonesia: An Overview
Introduction
Rice (Oryza sativa) is an important cereal in Indonesia since it is the staple food for nearly 90% of the population. The center of rice production area in Indonesia is essentially located in Java where rice has been intensively cultivated by the farmers. However, Java is also renowned as the most populated island in Indonesia that faces many limiting factors related to its massive population. Land competition between agricultural sector and other usages –especially for housing and industrial sectors – then has become a challenging concern.
Furthermore, land conversion rate is reported has been increasing rapidly year by year. Over 63,000 ha of agricultural land have been converted per year, particularly in Java that has reached about 50,000 ha. Nasoetion (1994) estimated about 30,000 to 50,000 ha of rice field has been converted per year. Therefore, the development of rice cultivation in swamp area outside Java has been targeted by Indonesian government as one of the solutions for its food vs population problem. As one of provinces with largest swamp area coverage, South Sumatra has been considered as new promising rice production area, especially during dry season where most of rice fields suffer from drought. However, unfortunately, not many references of swamp rice cultivation status in South Sumatra were found.
Therefore, field surveys were conducted in both tidal swamp and non-tidal swamp areas in South Sumatra to investigate current situation of swamp rice cultivation and to identify main problems faced by the farmers. This study was expected to provide beneficial information for further studies in order to improve swamp rice cultivation and escalate the productions in South Sumatra, Indonesia.
Classification of Swamp
Swamp is a type of land that characteristically flooded for a long period of time and the soil is basically in mud form. Swamp area in Indonesia is classified into two main categories, tidal swamp and non-tidal swamp. These both types of swamp are dominantly distributed in Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Papua and small part in Sulawesi. Total swamp area in Indonesia is estimated 33. 39 million ha, with 20. 09 million ha (60. 2 %) of tidal swamp and 13. 30 million ha (39. 8 %) of non-tidal swamp (Dept. of Public Works, 2009). There are about 1. 8 million ha of swamps that have been developed by the government. In addition, there are about 2. 4 million ha of swamp areas are reclaimed and developed by either private sector or local community resulting in total 4. 2 million ha of developed swamp area across Indonesia (Susanto, 2010). This small number indicates a bigger potency of swamp that has not been exploited yet, especially for rice cultivation. Non-tidal swamp is also recognized as inland swamp, and specifically in South Sumatra it is called as lebak. Non-tidal swamp is a river flood plain that receives no effect from the sea tides (Carew, 1984; Irianto, 2006). During rainy season, non-tidal swamp areas are flooded by the river and floodwater doesn’t recede until dry season. Water volume in non-tidal swamp significantly will depend on rainfall (deeper in rainy season and will gradually decrease during dry season). Therefore, planting usually will start at the end of rainy season or depend on water level in the field. Based on the depth and duration of flooding water, non tidal swamp can be divided into 3 typologies as given in Fig. 1. They are:
- shallow swamp;
- medium swamp; and
- deep swamp (Irianto, 2006; Subagyo, 2006).
Tidal swamp or coastal swamp is a lowland area that influenced by the tidal fluctuations of sea. Rice cultivation in this area was initially started by early settlers –mostly Buginese and Banjarese descent– that first reclaimed and occupied the land years ago. The development of this area then has been intensified since early 1970s when Indonesian government first introduced transmigration program to balance the population from overpopulated Java to other potential areas outside Java, including to tidal swamp areas in South Sumatra (Ruddle, 1987). Surveys and studies were conducted, more areas were reclaimed and many infrastructures were built to support agricultural sectors that have become main specialties of the transmigrants.
Materials and Methods
Field surveys were conducted on both non-tidal and tidal swamp areas in South Sumatra to investigate rice farming systems cultivated by the farmers. Surveys were carried out by interviewing rice farmers and agricultural extension staffs directly. Yield components were also calculated by taking plant samples (three replications: 3 hills in a paddy field) from certain swamp areas as described below. a. Non-tidal swamp Survey sites in non-tidal swamp areas covered Rambutan Regency in Banyuasin District, Kayuagung Regency in Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) District, and Rantau Panjang Regency in Ogan Ilir (OI) District, South Sumatra. Plant samples were collected from Kotadaro II Village in Rantau Panjang Regency on October 10, 2012 and from middle-swamp area in Sungai Dua Village in Rambutan Regency on October 14, 2012. b. Tidal swamp Survey in tidal swamp was carried out in Telang I and Telang II areas, Banyuasin District. While plant samples were collected from Banyu Urip Village in Telang II areas, Tanjung Lago Regency, Banyuasin District on February 20, 2013.
Results and Discussion
Farming Systems and Cultivation Practices a. Non-tidal swamp From the survey results, it was discovered that non-tidal swamp could only cultivated once a year, except for shallow swamp that could be cultivated twice a year. Planting season would start at the beginning of dry season or when water level in the field started to recede, while the second season (for shallow swamp) would start at the beginning of rainy season. Based on the interview, main problem faced by the farmers was due to unstable water level and unpredicted weather. Common situation in the field was high flooding prior to planting and extreme drought during reproductive stages. This had caused the farmers need to adjust their planting time and reconsider the use of proper cultivar combined with some improved cultivation techniques. One of cultivation techniques carried out by the farmers to cope with deep flooding prior to planting was double or even triple transplanting method. Double transplanting is a planting method that used relatively older and taller rice seedlings to reduce flooding damage in rice cultivation. This method had also been used by rice farmers in Asian countries, such as in Bangladesh (Azad and Hossain, 2006) and in Vietnam (Fukui, 1974).
Double transplanting method in South Sumatra was usually combined with rafting nursery system, as performed by farmers in Rambutan Regency. Seeds were first planted on a seedbed in a floating raft in the field tied on a stick to avoid the raft carried by the water flow. After 10 – 14 days, seedlings were then transplanted into rice field area which had relatively lower water level (Fig. 2). Second transplanting then could be conducted after 18 – 20 days to the actual rice field. Triple transplanting would even be possibly performed by the farmers if water level in the field was still very high. However, rafting nursery was not applied by farmers in Kayuagung and Rantau Panjang though they also used double transplanting system. Cultivars used by farmers in non-tidal swamp varied from Ciherang, Cibogo, Mekongga, INPARA, INPARI, IR 42, IR 64, and local cultivars such as Siam. Fertilizers used by the farmers were mainly urea and TSP (triple superphosphate) or SP 36 (Superphosphate 36%). Farm-ers in Rambutan Regency split fertilization into three application times. First was before transplanting to main field (SP 36, 150 kg/ha), second was about 7–15 days after transplanting (DAT) (urea, 75 kg/ha; compound fertilizer (N: P2O5: K2O=15: 15: 15), 50 kg/ha), and the third was 30–40 DAT (urea: 75 kg/ha; compound fertilizer (N: P2O5: K2O=15: 15: 15), 50 kg/ha). Farmers used compound NPK also to substitute potassium fertilizer which was unavailable in the market. Even in some places, such as in Kotadaro II, farmers did not use any fertilizer to their paddy field due to farmers’ inability to afford fertilizer either because it was unavailable or the price was too high. Common pests found in non-tidal swamp were birds, rats, and also golden snail. Golden snail was even considered as one of the most harmful pests in Sungai Dua as it would come and attack rice field right after the flood water subdued.
Besides high percentage of empty grains, spikelet number per panicle was also relatively low resulting in lower yield. Compared to Sungai Dua, drought probably was not the reason of decreasing yield since rice cultivation in tidal swamp was during rainy season. Furthermore, Situbagendit was considered as a drought tolerant cultivar. Therefore, too densely plant population in the field was supposed as main factor of less number of spikelet per panicle due to high competition in light, space, and especially nutrient. Constraints to Production Figure 3 illustrated some constraints faced by rice farmers both in tidal and non-tidal swamp areas based on the estimation of cultivation calendar. Information given in this figure only summarized on-farm problems, while off-farm problems would be explained in the following discussion. Farmers in tidal swamp area in Banyuasin District, South Sumatra were facing both on-farm and off-farm problems. On-farm problems were due to soil and water quality. Since tidal swamp was located on the coastal area and received direct impact of sea water, salinity intrusion would be the main problem during dry season, especially from July until September. However, this problem then would be naturally overcome when rainy season starts. During rainy season, soil water acidity would be another problem where pH will be around 4.
While for off-farm problems, there were three main problems faced by tidal swamp farmers. The first was labor shortage. Lack of infrastructures in tidal swamp areas, either for education and entertainment facilities, had forced young people to move to the city and most of them were not willing to come back to help their parents in the rice field. During harvest season, farmers even had to invite their friends and relatives from Java to help them in the field. Second was due to lack of local government support in providing better transportation facilities, such as roads and bridges. Access to tidal swamp areas was mostly in poor condition which made them difficult to reach. Third was regarding grain quality. Harvest time in tidal swamp were mainly in rainy season, whereas the farmers still practiced traditional drying process using direct sunlight to dry rice grains. This unfavorable condition had led to degraded rice grain quality. Compared to tidal swamp with its controlled water system, as mentioned before, non-tidal swamp areas were facing problem due to its unstable water fluctuation: high flooding in rainy season and drought in dry season. Furthermore, non-tidal swamp development was mostly limited by socio-economic problem such as land ownership obscurity, local people characteristics and lack of government support regarding water canals facilities. Thus, integrated research and socio-economic approach were important to gain optimal result of non tidal swamp development effort.
Conclusion
The development of swamp rice cultivation would be beneficial to support national rice sufficiency in Indonesia. However, many challenging constraints –both on farm and off-farm– to the effort were found as presented by survey results in this study. Further field survey should be conducted since data of yield components reported in this study were only from limited category of swamp. The information gathered were hopefully would be a valuable consideration to improve rice production in swamp areas in South Sumatra, and particularly in Indonesia.
