Dietary And Nutritional Intervention Survey Report
As per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, today obesity is one of the biggest public health problems. The young adulthood is the best time for people for the establishment of a healthy lifestyle, for example, healthy eating habits and diet management. There are many evidences that support the role of diet and nutrition in an individual’s life. Furthermore, unhealthy diet is also responsible for the development of several chronic diseases and conditions, including obesity, cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. College students can maintain a healthy lifestyle by consuming healthy food, for example, Fruits and Vegetables, Multi-grains, Nuts, and Olive oil and reducing the quantity of Meat, Processed foods, Added sugars. Most regular unhealthy food choices for college students in cities are Sugary Drinks, Pizzas, White Bread, Highly Processed Foods, Fast Food Meals, Processed Cheese, Candy Bars, French Fries and Potato Chips, and Pastries, Cookies, and Cakes.
Here, we conducted a study on college students those who aged 18 years and over and this study is related to the dietary and nutritional intervention. For dietary and nutritional intervention, there were no specific surveys to college students (age:18 years and over) in urban population. We characterized 'college students' like a grown-up taking an interest in dietary and nutritional intervention. We included college students who lived in urban areas. The main interventions used here are: (1) Micronutrient Supplementation; (2) Protein Supplementation; (3) Dietary and Nutritional Instruction for College Students in Urban Regions; (4) Obesity Control; (5) Encouragement of Healthy Lifestyle.
Search strategy: The databases such as, PubMed, The New York Academy of Medicine (nyam), BMC Public Health, ERIC, and Science Direct were used for searching the articles. Moreover, other terminology for example, “dietary intervention", "nutritional intervention", "college students", and "urban areas" were also used to search for this study. Literature with full-content view were included for the study. Selection criteria: We found 50 articles on the basis of basic searching procedure, however just 10 articles met the inclusion criteria: (1) the participants were 18 years or over (college students), (2) the study design was randomized controlled trials (RCT), (3) the college students from urban areas, and (4) study-articles with full-content view, and (5) dietary and nutritional intervention as a primary outcome variable; For this research, study-articles in English were included.
Data extraction: We did an analysis of each research-article and that analysis included some basic factors such as, citations, sample qualities (sample size), urban population definition, food habits, and diet and nutrition associated variables, study design (randomized controlled trials), and outcomes. In this analysis, we also incorporated the college students and their age, gender, race, and ethnicity to give definition of sample. Urbanity was characterized by the definition given in study-articles.
Inclusion/exclusion criteria: We included articles if they (1) were related to interventions (dietary and nutritional), (2) targeted college students (age:18 years and over), (3) included dietary and nutritional behavioral change or the intention for change as an outcome, (4) were part of peer-reviewed journals, (5) their publication within the last 10 years (2008–2018). As I mentioned earlier that we found 50 articles initially but then we short-listed them and removed some due to duplication (n=10), irrelevance (n=25), insignificance (n=5) and at the end we had only 10 articles that were significant for our research. Primary testing that fulfilled the following criteria were included: (i) student-populations that have access to urban areas; (ii) students who enrolled for college education (age: 18 years and over); (iii) measured outcomes that provided evidence of dietary and nutritional behavior change, and (v) included controls that were not exposed to the dietary and nutritional intervention. Articles were excluded if they (i) were not related to dietary and nutritional interventions; (ii) did not involve college students (age: 18 years and over); (iii) did not involve the urban population.
Risk of bias assessment: In the bias assessment, we had 10 questions to (1) evaluate the clearness of the study question; (2) prove that participant-selection was not related to bias; (3) examine comparability of study-groups; (4) describe techniques to deal with withdrawals; (5) describe a blinding method; (6) analyze comprehensiveness of explanation for interventions; (7) assess whether outcome and risk support the conclusions or not; (8) estimate statistical analysis-suitability; (9) think about limitations and (10) analyze any potentiality for bias due to financing source. When studies did meet at least six of the questions including 2, 3, 6 and 7 and when they did not meet some questions for 2, 3, 6 or 7, they reported as low risk for bias. When they did meet all the others they were reported as a direct risk for bias.
