The Impact Of Media On Early Childhood Development
Media
Social media is defined as “a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2. 0 and allow the creation and exchange of user generated content”. (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010) According to Colliander & Dahlén (2011), through the computer-generated community, media users can construct, share, and interchange information. Today, the advantages of taking part in social media include simple social correspondence, constructing individuality, bringing in occupation opportunities, and potentially creating direct funding. Intra- and inter-organizational activities such as collaborative product development, creation of knowledge sharing communities, implementation of corporate dialog at financial institutions, marketing strategies for brand management, and collaborative learning and creativity between clients, colleagues, and associations are actions that are encouraged by social media (Mangold & Faulds, 2009; Porter & Donthu, 2008; Fernando, 2010; Kasavana, Nusair, & Teodosic, 2010; Yates & Paquette, 2011; Bonsón & Flores, 2011; Jin, 2012; Laroche, Habibi, & Richard, 2013; Peppler & Solomou, 2011).
Media Information
Asad (2016) said, Literature review provided the results of previous studies relating to the topic and it helped to select appropriate objectives and methodology for further enhancement on the topic. Tapscott (1998) described that, children grew in digital environment and digital literacy gave liberty to children in relation with adolescent in the world. Our topic is about the effect of Media in Early Childhood Development. We chose this topic because we think we can help those who struggles about learning and managing their time in their daily lives.
Also, we chose this topic to help other people who think social media does not make any sense or for those who think social media destroys the future of the country’s teenagers. Asad (2016) wrote, the word “Social Media” means collection of applications (Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, LinkedIn, or YouTube etc. ) and websites that link people to share information and aware people about any event through social networking. Using social media is called social networking. Social media is in process that started in the 21st century. Social media provides almost everything an individual needs. Thus, it takes part in a person’s daily life. Students usually uses media for school. With that media presents all kind of information (Potter, 2012). And helps them gain more information and knowledge in life and that’s what made it called educational media.
In televisions, there are channels that gives educational knowledge. It also makes a teenager’s life easier and more productive, but it does not mean that social media doesn’t have any bad effect on teenagers. It sometimes leads to addiction which causes some teenagers to destroy their own future.
The only thing that matters is the control of the youth or the teenagers on their usage of the social media. Parents should also manage to teach their child not to over use or make social media the center of their lives. Some applications because people interact with each other. And media provides opportunities on people who seeks for job or employment. Some provides online security systems and other useful things that mostly people use in their daily lives. With that, media provides information about people and it threatens the security of the people (and it will be further be discussed in another literature review). In finding the result they used a method called survey. In this study, 380 students have randomly selected for collection of primary data. In these 380 students, 53% students are 19 to 20 years old, 27% are 17 to 18 years old and remaining 20% are above 20. From these respondents, 49% are Male and remaining 51% are Female (Asad, 2016). In conclusion, we think that social media is a good help in the youth’s daily basis. It makes their life easier and it can help the teenager to fulfill their duties at the best of their ability. It also helps the students gain more knowledge as their life goes on. It also helps in terms of security and safety. Lastly, as we tackle about the said topic we, as researchers, realizes that we are also part of the subject and as we go on our journey in this research the social media help us to fulfil our goal and our responsibility.
Media Content
Because of the predominance of mass media forms such as internet, music, television, fashion, and computer games in the lives of young people in today's society, it is fair to say that mass media establish theiressential cultural resource (Brown, Steele, & Walsh-Childers,2002). According to Gerbner, Gross, Morgan, and Signorielli (1987) that it is also reasonable to say that the lives of adolescents are intervened, to a huge extent, by the mass media. Across population classifications, research has found that cumulative exposure to television makes an independent contribution to how states of mind or attitudes are developed. As for adolescents, longitudinal studies have discovered that when viewing a television can exert an autonomous effect on practices and attitudes over time (Gerbner et al. , 1980; Morgan, 1982). Teenagers who are consumes media for almost half of their daily lives are more likely to report that they participate in hazardous practices or activities that are connected to results of early pregnancy, juvenile delinquency, etc.
As one investigation found that young people who have engaged in practices such as having sexual intercourse, cheating on exams, smoking cigarettes, and drinking alcohol, listen to the radio more and watches more music videos, movies, cartoons, and soap operas on television than do teenagers who report less dangerous practices (Klein et al. , 1993). Theories like the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction states that adolescent can learn and make inferences about relationships and sex from their exposure to media. If sexual content in media changes teenagers attitudes, states of mind, and perceived norms, then at that point these sexual portrayals will likewise impact thye teenagers' intentions to engage in, as well as their actual execution of, different sexual practices (Ajzen & Albarracin, 2007; Fishbein, 2000,2008; Fishbein & Ajzen, 2010). And steady with this view is the assumption that media provide teenagers with data about sex similarly to what a friend does. In order to be sure, some exploration supports the possibility that the media acts as a wellspring of information about sex if teenagers are unable to learn from their group (Brown, Halpern, & L'Engle, 2005).
The Annenberg Sex and Media Study (ASAMS) was a kind of investigation or examination which lasted for 5 years. It is about the connection between self-reported sexual behaviour in adolescents and exposure to sex in the media. It was intended to examine the degree to which exposure to sexual content in the media changes teenagers' sexual development. This data uses the ASAMS longitudinal survey of adolescents from the greater Philadelphia area. Bleakley, A. , Hennessy, M. , Fishbein M. , and Jordan, A. (2011). The researchers find that exposure to sexual media content expands teenager sexual conduct by increasing their impression of social pressure to have intercourse. Exposure to sex content prompts expanded beliefs that individuals like them, including their friends and associates their age, are engaging in sexual relations. According to the researchers, their findings offer "an explanation of the mechanism" by which exposure to sexual substance in the media influences teenagers' sexual action. Exposure to media sex increases regularizing strain to engage in sexual relations. However, it is similarly essential that there is an absence of an effect of exposure on mentalities toward engaging in sexual relations with regard to performing the behaviour. Since perceived normative pressure is not the essential determinant of one's intention to engage in sex, these progressions deliver only little augmentations in intention and conduct. Given that one's state of mind toward engaging in sexual interactions is the best indicator of the intention to have sex, the impact of exposure to sexual media content on teenager sexual conduct would be essentially stronger if exposure positively expanded a greater amount of the basic social convictions underlying this attitude.
Mobile Usage
People today have adapted with the use of media because the current generation of mobile users have more access to up-to-date technology. Mobile users today have modern technology such as portable laptops, smart phones, instant messaging apps, and social media (Demirbilek & Talan, 2017). As of 2017, Demirbilek & Talan (2017) have established that due to the early access of technology, mobile users today have become a generation where multitasking is a normal way of living. Multitasking is referred to a situation where an individual needs to perform multiple task at the same time (Delbridge, 2000). Examined by David, Xu, Srivastava, and Kim (2013) communication, particularly through instant messaging, is separated into three condition: Instant messenger (IM) when communication is only conducted by 2 participants, Two Instant messenger (IM) where two conversations is conducted by a single person at the same time, and lastly, the Instant messenger with phone conversation at the same period of time. These three conditions differ in terms of task demand and reduction of task performance (David et al. , 2013). These conditions can affect the performance of person who are overexposed to technology. It can greatly affect the work performance of these mobile users due to lack of concentration, task demand, and performance level. Through the technologies that people are exposed to, they can attempt to engage in distracting content through their smart phones, portable laptops and other technologies that divert the mobile user’s attention. Emphasizing how mobile technology blurs the boundaries between the user's professional life and the user's private life, making the time and place distinction irrelevant (Pauleen el at. , 2015).
According to a test that was conducted by Demirbilek & Talan (2017), when people were exposed to social media, technology, mobile phones writing/sending SMSs and are distracted by facebook’s news feeds, shared photos/videos, profile viewing, viewing shared multimedia, reading post, tweeting, posting; their performance was hindered and was not in its maximum form. It showed that traditional one-tasked job, pen and paper, time management, and note taking was a better option in order to perform at a maximum capacity. Social networking also has a huge impact in the lives of this generation. Social network also plays a huge role in people socialization due to the fact that it can serve as the bridge for you and for your familyand friends. Although it can help with socializing with others, it can also lead to negative outcomes such as depression, loneliness, internalization on problems, and development of a low self-esteem (Jibin et al. , 2016). Besides the negative outcomes that may occur, technology users in general can experience security breeches such as hacking, plagiarism, and information gathering without consent. These problems occur when the technology user is not knowledgeable with his technology’s security system. With the right security system and the proper execution, mobile security can safeguard information from being seen by the wrong person. Basic lines of defense such as good passwords, up-to-date hardware, and secured computers can prevent these breeches from occurring, making security threats not a problem (Cross, 2013). Mobile use today is important due to it being the primary source of cellular communication, it is the perfect way to stay in touch with people that are in a different location. Like any other thing, it has cons that can hinder its users, but as long as the mobile user is knowledgeable, these problems can be reduced and its pros can be used in its maximum capabilities.
Social Media Benefits
Social media offers a lot of benefits to its users, it can help in various aspects such as communication, academics, entertainment, and information dissemination. It also provides easier alternatives to modern day plights such as searching for jobs through countless platforms or shopping online rather than going to a physical shop. These benefits are highlighted in the journals "Clinical Report - The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families" and "Effects of Social Media on Youth: A Case Study in University of Sargodha" which we used for our research. According to O'Keeffe and Clarke-Pearson (2011), engaging in various forms of social media helps benefit children and adolescents in developing skills such as interpersonal skills, communication skills, and technological skills. It helps them stay connected to their friends and families and strengthen their participation in the community. The socialisation and communication benefits of social media include opportunities to work together as a community for charities and local events, enhancement of creativity through sharing of artistic inclinations, creation of new sources of information, becoming acquainted with people from different backgrounds through shared interests which helps develop the tolerance and global awareness of the individual and the community, and helping develop one's own individuality and social skills. Social media can also help students with their academics as it allows them to discuss their school works and projects without the need to meet in person. Social media platforms are not only used to gather informations, but it can also be used to contribute and share information in a more widespread manner.
This information can include topics such as health and are not limited to information that is academic in nature. This allows users to easily find information about their health without revealing their identity and information. This can be an advantage to those who are looking for information about taboos such as STDs, mental health problems, and brain disorders. Social media can also provide a network of support for people with similar illnesses where they can communicate with and relate to each other. Although finding information quickly and easily is considered beneficial, we must ensure that the information we find is reliable and factual and acknowledge that it has its limitations and that social media may not be the best source. Furthermore, a study conducted by Ali, Iqbal, and Iqbal (2016) also highlights the various benefits of social media found from their research study. The research was done through survey questionnaires which is considered a primary data. They used a random sample of 380 students out of 28,342 students from the University of Sargodha by using the Cochran formula, they also used the Likert scale for their questionnaire and the data they collected was measured using the software "SPPS" (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). They listed down relevant I formation of the respondents like their demographics wherein 53% of the 380 students were 19-20 years old, 27% being 17-18 years old, and the remaining 20% being 21 years old and above. Fifty one percent of the respondents were female while 49% were Male.
Thus, their main objective was to analyze the effects of social media on youth and find its impact in different aspects of their lives. Their literature review revealed that a. )social media is helpful in various ways like developing and understanding cultural relationships (Eloisa and Oskoz, 2008), b. ) provides efficient ways for students to use social media for learning (Brady, Holocomb, and Smith, 2010), c. ) and that it can help students enhance their communication skills (Lusk, 2010). The results showed that most of the respondents strongly agreed with the fact that social media provided various benefits while strongly disagreeing with the fact that too much social media cause health problems. The study recommends that users of social media should use it for positive purposes while regulating the amount of time they spend using it, it also recommend that the government ban harmful and immoral websites to minimize the negative effects of social media.
Media Risks
Social media has quickly become an essential foundation for communication across multiple generations. (Ghazinour & Ponchak, 2017) “It is increasingly observable that social media present enormous risks for individuals, communities, firms, and even for society as a whole. ” (Baccarella, Wagner, Kietzman, Mccarthy, 2018) Since the use of media has become more and more predominant, risks are possible to occur with the wrong usage of it. The users of social media allow their fellow users to see private information only to the extent they are letting others know. Additionally, children and adolescents that engage in social media sites may also lead them to acquire sexual information and later on, engage with it.
According to O'Keeffe and Pearson (2011), young people are at some risk as they traverse with social media because of their vulnerability to peer pressure and restricted capacity to self-regulation. A current study specifies that offline behaviors such as bullying, clique-forming, and sexual experimentation are brought online which resulted to problems such as cyber bullying, privacy issues, and sexual texting or “sexting” (Ghazinour & Ponchak, 2017). Furthermore, media usage directs teenagers to process sexual content and act in response by doing such activities. Sexual media content is probable to uncover young people to unwanted sex, sexually transmitted diseases, and teenage prenatal period. (Parkes, Wight, Hunt, Henderson, Sargent, 2013)
A study by McHugh, Wisniewski, Rosson, and Carroll (2018) discusses which adverse online risk experiences grounds to adolescents’ post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and how they cope up with it afterwards. The main objective of this research is to examine and know particularly the focal motive of the acquirement of PTSD among juveniles whether it is because of information breaches, explicit content exposure, cyberbullying or sexual solicitations. The study conjointly explores whether or not teens’ short-term managing reactions attend to alleviate post-traumatic stress disorder from on-line occurrences. A web-based diary design was made use for a two- month period. By the procedure of linear modeling with repetitive measures, conclusions were confirmed that cyberbullying, explicit content exposure and sexual solicitations conjure symptoms of PTSD and not information breaches.
