Discussing About El Nino Southern Oscillation
El Nino Southern Oscillation describes the fluctuation of the temperature of the surface layer of water. It deals with the central part of the Pacific Ocean with a significant influence on the climate. El Nino Southern Oscillation is a phase when the region of heated near-surface water moves to the east. The trade winds get weaker or even stop, the upwelling slows in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean. The opposite part of oscillation is La Nina.
Low atmospheric pressure is usually under the warm waters, and the high pressure is under the cold water. El Nino occurs during warm periods in the central and eastern regions of the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean. It is the main reason for the Pacific trade winds to become weak and it also decreases the level of precipitation over Australia, especially its eastern and northern parts. However, there are such periods when there are not appropriate conditions to correspond to the formation of El Nino, and the circulation is diagnosed near the surface of the earth in different forms of eastern trade winds.
The cases of El Nino mostly happen in South America. As a result, El Nino leads to warm and humid summer periods from December to February, especially on the north coast of Peru. However, in case of strong El Nino, it can lead to massive floods such as it was in 2011 in south Brazil. A mild winter with rain is in the center of Chile, whereas El Nino can result in snowfalls in Peru and Bolivia. Colombia and the Central part of America demonstrate warm weather during the period of El Nino. As usual, winter is getting warmer in the north part of America and Canada. The professionals claim that El Nino leads to a decrease in the activity of hurricanes in the Atlantic. East Africa with Kenya and Tanzania has rainy seasons during the period from March to May. El Nino leads to drought in the southern and central regions of Africa. Also, the effect that is similar to El Nino can be in the Atlantic Ocean, where the water could be warmer along all the equatorial coast of Africa but it is getting cooler in the coast of Brazil.
El Nino leads to extreme weather conditions which have a connection with the epidemic diseases. The professionals define the connection of extreme weather conditions and Australian encephalitis, malaria and other diseases, especially after heavy rain and floods which were as a result of La Nina (National Climate Prediction Center, 2019). Another example is a severe outbreak of fever, which was in the northeast part of Kenya and southern Somalia. The researchers consider that El Nino also has an impact on the cyclical nature of wars and even the occurrence of conflicts between different countries, especially those whose climate has a strict connection with El Nino.
In the case when the temperature is within 0.5 C, the scientists describe the conditions of El Nino as neutral. It means that the transition between the warm phase and cold of ENSO becomes neutral. The temperature of the ocean, tropical precipitation, as well as the patterns of the wind, performs mild and average conditions. In addition, during the period of the neutral phase, the other anomalies such as the North Atlantic Oscillation can have more impact on the climate of the area.
