Ethambutol (EMB) is an antibiotic belonging to the amino-alcohol group. It is an efficacious first-line antituberculosis agent. EMB is known to cause changes in the optic nerve that results into toxic optic neuropathy (TON). This was established soon after its discovery in the 1960s. In...
Before the 20th century, the absence of antibiotics made treating a common ailment like the cold a challenging task. Many people in the United States and abroad succumbed to bacterial and viral infections and did not receive adequate medical attention simply because doctors did not...
According to Reller et al. the performance of antibiotic susceptibility testing by the clinical microbiology laboratory is important to confirm susceptibility to chosen empirical antibiotic agents, or to detect resistance in individual bacterial isolates. Empirical therapy continues to be effective for some bacterial pathogens because...
Antibiotics are chemical compounds that are very toxic to microbes than they are to human cells. Each of them targets a specific part of the cell of the microbe such as cell structure or cell pathway; therefore, they are selective toxics. For example, some antibiotics...
To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine dental antibiotic treatment selection by both general practitioners and oral dental surgeons in Lebanon. This study is also the first to evaluate the frequency and types of antibiotics prescribed for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes, their...
Having a chemical composition of C11H12Cl2N2o5, chloramphenicol is an aromatic compound. This aromatic compound is mainly used for treatment of bacterial infection. In 1947 chloramphenicol was discovered, and in 1949 chemical structure was confirmed. This is one of the world health organizations’ listed essential medicine...
Modern day medical practice encounters many challenges. Among them one of the most crucial one faced day to day is development of resistance in bacteria especially gram negative bacteria towards beta lactam antibiotics due to presence of beta lactamases enzyme, caused by extensive irrational usage...
The organism should give high yields of antibiotic from economic sources of nutrients and should not produce excessive amounts of substances chemically related to the antibiotic because separation may be difficult. Cephalosporins are β-lactam antibiotics which are originally derived from the fungus named Acremonium, which...
Recently, Dr. Menard introduced the class to the Kirby Bauer method. In this lab we worked in groups of 2 and we tested 6 different antibiotics with one bacteria. However, 2 bacteria were used in total with some students using the latter bacteria. The bacteria...
In 1928 Penicillium notatum was discovered by Alexander Fleming. This pioneering discovery initiated the antibiotic era and revolutionized modern medicine and treatments. After this amazing discovery, bacterial infections were not seen as threatening as they once were. Doctors began prescribing antibiotics for less severe conditions....
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